Compare the imagery in the following two poems Essay

Compare the imagery in the following two poems - Essay Example metry?† In the same manner, he also vividly provided us the fierceness of the tiger as he painted its image as â€Å"Burnt the fire of thine eyes?  / On what wings dare he aspire?† Blake also used metaphors in the succeeding line using metaphors such as â€Å"fire† to further describe the fierceness and power of the â€Å"Tyger†. Then Blake wrote with a certain degree of awe when he ascribed the â€Å"Tyger† as a mere creation of a Creator that he asked, â€Å"And what shoulder, & what art† have created it? He would like to ask the intelligence who made it because the Tyger is so fierce that it could turn against its maker evident with these lines â€Å"What the hammer? what the chain?   In what furnace was thy brain?  / What the anvil? what dread grasp  / Dare its deadly terrors clasp?† Finally, when his questions were already made about the tiger and its Creator, he wondered if its Creator was pleased to create the tiger with the question â€Å"Did he smile his work to see†. This poem more than its visual narration is more metaphysical in nature as it asked creation, God and His Wisdom. It used metaphors and vivid imagery for his point to be effectively conveyed to its readers. Unlike the â€Å"The Tyger† which has heavy metaphysical theme, Blake’s other poem entitled â€Å"Daffodils† is really a poem of appreciation for nature. As one would read through the poem, it was as if Blake is tour guiding the reader about the Daffodils when he â€Å"WANDERD lonely as a cloud / That floats on high oer vales and hills, / When all at once I saw a crowd, / A host, of golden daffodils; / Beside the lake, beneath the trees, / Fluttering and dancing in the breeze†. In reading these lines, the imagery is so alive that it was as if Blake himself had taken the reader â€Å"beside the lake and beneath the trees†. After being under the trees, Blake asked the reader to look up to the skies to see what he saw. It’s the â€Å"twinkle on the Milky Way† as it stretched throughout

United States Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

United States Declaration of Independence Essay Declaring Our Independence The Declaration of Independence was approved by Congress on July 4th, 1776. It was written by Thomas Jefferson and published by John Dunlap. After it was written it was sent to General George Washington to be read to his troops in New York who were getting ready to fight off the British army (Library of Congress).The Declaration of Independence has been around for almost two hundred and fifty years, many things have changed in this country in that amount of time. Does the Declaration still hold the same values as it did back then, or has it evolved over time to have a different meaning? What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence and why is it still looked upon so highly today? Was there more to the Declaration of Independence then just getting free from Britain or did it also lead the way to create America? All of these questions will be answered in the following paragraphs to have a better understanding of really how important one piece of paper can be to a nation. A good way to start to understand what the Declaration means is by looking at the first few lines. â€Å"When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve them with another to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to separation (US 1776).† This part of the Declaration of Independence is talking about how Britain became such a pain to the colonies with all of their taxes and their rules that the decision it was in their best interest to leave from the rule of Britain and form a new nation. Not only was this addressing those who called themselves Americans but all of mankind. They did this so that they could have more people able to assist them in the fighting of Britain (Library of Congress). Britain was deeply in debt. Mercantilism was orthodoxy, and as such, the thought was that the colonies should contribute more to the common security of the realm (Halvorson). Another thing that Britain did to make the colonial settlers upset was that British soldiers were allowed to stay in any of the houses in the 13 colonies with little or no reason to why. It made Britain look very evil in the eyes of these settlers and the first paragraph of the Declaration reinforces this idea. The second Paragraph of the Declaration of Independence might possibly have the single most important phrase in all of the united states. The first sentence contains the phrase â€Å"all men are created equal.† Now in 1776 this phrase was probably taken more literally meaning that all men would have rights and Jefferson wanted to exclude men and women. However, some argue that all men are talking about all of humanity. Numerous times thought out history important figures such Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King and Elizabeth Cady Stanton have referenced the Declaration of Independence when try to obtain equality for Women and African Americans. In 1857 Lincoln had mentioned that the assertion â€Å"all men are created equal† was of no practical use for separate from Great Britain and was placed in the Declaration for future use (Armitage 44). As well in the 19th century, the Declaration of sentiments played a key role in the women rights movement and almost mirrored the Declaration of Independence (Halvorson). Without those five small, but powerful words the United States would be a much different place then it is today. The meaning of the phrase has changed over time allowing even more than just men being equal. Today the United States of America tries to make everyone equal even if at times it might now seem that way. It didn’t have anything to do with trying to leave Britain, Jefferson put that phrase in there for the future of this country. The Declaration of Independence gave some insight on the Idea of Popular Sovereignty. Popular sovereignty is the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the general will. Basically, it means that the people can come up with the government and make it, however, the people want it to be. The Declaration gives the power to the people and not to the system that is governing them. â€Å"Governments are instituted among Men deriving their powers from the consent of the governed†(US 1776) Without this we might have formed a new government in the United States but it could have very well ended up as a monarchy. Popular sovereignty is key to making a peoples government and the Deceleration of Independence clearly reinforces this. The Deceleration of Independence also informs the public of the Social Contract. The Social Contract is the agreement among individuals by which society becomes organized and invested with the right to secure mutual protection and welfare. Both the government and the citizens are part of this social contract. The people be a part of the decisions and if they disagree with the government then they can just change it. â€Å" That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends it is the Right of the people to alter or to abolish it and to institute new Government†(US 1776). It seems in this day and age that people are afraid to stand up to the government and fight for what they believe in. Currently, many congressmen and congresswomen are being bought out to vote in certain ways over the topic of Net neutrality. It would be the peoples job to step up and talk with their representatives and show them what they are interested in and not let corporation buy out th eir representatives. The term natural and Induvial Rights also comes up in the Declaration of Independence. These are rights that all people should have. These rights include life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. They share the values of freedom equality and justice. No one should be able to take these rights from people, and it is up to the government to make sure that the people’s rights are protected. Without the government to protect the rights of the people things would start to fall apart for society. â€Å"endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†(US 1776). These are what are also known as the Universal truths and over the course of the next two decades, America would try to help other countries around the worlds come to have similar Universal truths as to what is stated in the Declaration of Independence. Not only was the Declaration important in assisting the start of this nation and help to fight for freedom of Brittan’s monarchy, it is also used today to influences modern American political culture. One way it has influenced political culture is it has caused us many reasons why America chooses to go to war with countries who might seem like the people are being oppressed in some way by the government. America looks on to the Declaration as a sort of moral compass when it comes to deciding whether or not it is right to go into other countries and try to abolish any oppression that is going on. As a continuing inspiration in the United States and throughout the world to end oppression and to make sure that all groups of people enjoy a self-government and representation of both their collective interests and their personal freedom (Pencak 234). Today more than ever you will see this power abused by people in America to try to gain more than just helping an oppressed people. If you look at wars today that the United States are involved in some of them are masked by the idea that these groups of people are not free and do not have access to the natural rights that the Declaration of Independence refers too. Instead, you have people who are fighting over others natural resources and land first and the rights of the people come second or don’t even come at all. The same ideologies that this country was built on are now being using selfishly into a power grab for land and money from other countries. The Declaration\s aspirational vision has had a remarkable influence on American notions of liberal equality, even in the days when only white males could formally participate in politics (Tsesis 698). It has also been referenced a lot in current social movements today. Groups such as Black Lives Matter and Arab spring and Tiananmen Square openly and repeatedly invoke in the Language and the ideals of the document (Halvorson). This shows how the Declaration can be used as a voice for the minority groups in America to help end the oppression that they might be facing. In conclusion, the Declaration of Independence is a lot more than some old piece of paper written by a bunch of old white guys. It is more than that, it is many things. It was a letter to the British telling them that they don’t wish to be a part of their empire anymore. It was a way to bring hope to the oppressed and way to make sure that one day everyone in the nation and even on the earth was treated equally. Over time it has been used for good by the majority of people and some have even used it to justify bad doings. Overall the Declaration was important in the forming of America and is important for what the country should form into of the course of time. It was tough for the founding fathers to frame what society would look like in the next couple of decades but they did a great job in laying the bricks for the path they wanted the country to become. Without the Declaration of Independence America could still be under the rule of the British. Women would not have as man y rights as they do now, slavery could very well be a thing in this country without this document. The world would be a much different place then what it is today. It is nowhere near perfect but it is the Declaration of Independence that pushed everyone in the world a little bit closer in the right direction towards freedom. Work Cited Armitage, David. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence and International Law.† Foundations of Modern International Thought, Jan. 2002, pp. 191–214., doi:10.1017/cbo9781139032940.017. Halvorson, Seth D. â€Å"Historical Context for the Declaration of Independence.† Columbia College, www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/american-revolution-and-founding-texts/context. Pencak, William. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence: Changing Interpretations and a New Hypothesis.† Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, vol. 57, no. 3, 1 July 1990, pp. 225–235. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27773386?ref=search-gateway:db0ae02fe1b84f163f034404f6687764. â€Å"Creating the United States Creating the Declaration of Independence.† All Men Are Created Equal Creating the Declaration of Independence Creating the United States | Exhibitions Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/interactives/declaration-of-independence/equal/index.html â€Å"Creating the United States Creating the Declaration of Independence.† Index of Documents for All Men Are Created Equal Creating the Declaration of Independence Creating the United States | Exhibitions Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/interactives/declaration-of-independence/equal/documents.html. The Declaration of Independence: Full Text.† Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/. Tsesis, Alexander. â€Å"Self-Government and the Declaration of Independence†, 97 Cornell L. Rev. 693 (2012) http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol97/iss4/1

Chinese Culture Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

Throughout China's encased history it has developed much differently than western parts of the world. Chinese culture varies greatly compared to ours. These great differences between eastern culture and western culture make China a very interesting place. Some of the vast differences include literature, social structure, and government. The greatest difference is Chinese philosophy and way of thinking. China has developed a strict system of tradition that has given China great advantages and disadvantages. This is shown in Chinese literature. Tradition in China is a set of unwritten laws. This is why China turned its eyes from the outside world and looked in. China found everything it needed in Tradition (4). The strong traditions and customs play probably the greatest factor in the life of a Chinese person. This strict philosophy influences marriage, children, family, and duty in life. Marriage is much different and has different levels of companionship. One man may have many wives and or concubines. The status of these wives and concubines are very important. The lower you are on the husband's list the lower you were treated (1). When in a marriage if you were having children a son would be most desirable for you to have. You would be thought better of if you produced a son. This shows the male dominance in Chinese culture. Once a son was born the expectations for him were great. He was supposed to learn all great literature and be very scholarly (2). A girl, also was supp...

The Web’s Compass Essay -- Websites Internet Computers Technology Essa

The Web’s Compass When designing a web page, many features and characteristics must be considered. Three important features for navigational tools are text, icons, and photographs. The use of these elements must consider benefits to the user and navigation throughout the site. I will discuss text, icons, and photographs and why each feature can help or hinder the navigation of a site. Text When deciding whether to use text as a navigational button we must remember to effectively use color, type, and text to help readers maneuver within the site. When choosing to use text, consider â€Å"production: arranging text and visuals on pages or screens, plus choosing type and color† (Hilligoss and Howard 164). When using text as a navigational tool, use your text effectively. Killingsworth and Gilbertson Signs, Genres, and Communities in Technical Communication explain what happens when text is misused: â€Å"Overuse fancy typographical features, thereby creating semiotic â€Å"noise† in the text—bothersome distractions to good reading† (44). If the text is not useful and informative for the reader then a different style tool should be used. The text navigational tool should help â€Å"readers find their way around in a text† (Killingsworth and Gilbertson 49). Killingsworth and Gilbertson define effective text as that which â€Å"draws atten tion to the object without re-determining its meaning† (48). An example of text used as a useful navigational tool is Texas A&M University’s homepage. The web page uses all text links to navigate within the site. All of the texts are one to two words specific to their links and all capitalized. This helps the reader easily find information. The links are set up in uniform columns so as not to be distracting, as Killing... ...r site an edge over other text-intensive pages. I find this topic personally relevant because I could be writing for the web one day. Knowing which navigational tools work best for my site is invaluable information. Understanding how to write efficiently on the web and design a user-friendly page gives me an extra edge when I enter the work force. Works Cited Faigley, Lester, Diana George, Anna Palchik, and Cynthia Selfe. Picturing Texts. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. Hilligoss, Susan and Tharon Howard. Visual Communication. New York: Longman Publishing Company, 2002. Killingsworth, M. Jimmie and Michael K. Gilbertson. "Representation in Document Design." In Signs, Genres, and Communities in Technical Communication. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc. 1992. Texas A&M University. 2002-04. 12 February 2004 <http://www.tamu.edu>

Night World : Huntress Chapter 16

I am not,† Claire said. â€Å"Yeah, you are,† Jez said, still gently, as if humoring a child. â€Å"I am not.† â€Å"You don't even know what it is.† Jez looked at Hugh. â€Å"You know what? I just realized something. The Wild Powers are all supposed to be ‘born in the year of the blind Maiden's vision,' right?† â€Å"Yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well, I was trying to figure that out all yesterday. And now, it just came to me, like that.† She snapped her fingers. â€Å"I was thinking about visions like prophecies, you know? But I think what it meant was vision, like sight. Eyesight. Aradia only had her eyesight for a year-and that's the year. Seventeen years ago.† Hugh looked at Claire. â€Å"And she's â€Å"Seventeen.† â€Å"So what?† Claire yelled. â€Å"So are you! So are lots of people!† â€Å"So am I,† Hugh said with a wry smile. â€Å"But not everybody can stop a train with blue fire.† â€Å"I didn't stop anything,† Claire said with passionate intensity. â€Å"I don't know what a Wild Power is, but I didn't do anything back there. I was just lying there and I knew we were going to die-â€Å" â€Å"And then the blue light came and the train stopped,† Jez said. â€Å"You see?† Claire shook her head. Hugh frowned and looked suddenly doubtful. â€Å"But, Jez-what about the fire at the Marina? Claire wasn't there, was she?† â€Å"No. But she was watching it live on TV. And she was very, very upset about it. I've still got the scars.† Hugh drew in a slow breath. His eyes were unfocused. â€Å"And you think it works across that distance?† â€Å"I don't know. I don't see why it shouldn't.† They were talking around Claire again, Jez gazing into the depths of the garage. â€Å"I think maybe distance is irrelevant to it. I think what happens is that she sees something, and if she's upset enough about it, if she's desperate enough and there's no physical way to do anything, she just-sends out the Power.† â€Å"It's completely unconscious, then,† Hugh said. â€Å"And who knows, maybe she's done it before.† Jez straightened, excited. â€Å"If it's happening far away, and she doesn't see the flash, and she doesn't feel anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She turned on Claire. â€Å"You didn't feel anything when you stopped the train?† â€Å"I didn't stop the train,† Claire said, slowly and with shaky patience. â€Å"And I didn't do anything about that fire at the Marina, if that's what you're talking about.† â€Å"Claire, why are you in such total denial about this?† â€Å"Because it's not the truth. I know I didn't do anything, Jez. When you know, you know.† â€Å"Actually, I don't blame her,† Hugh said. â€Å"It's not a great job.† Jez blinked, and then the truth swept over her. Her entire body went cold. Oh, Goddess†¦ Claire. Claire's life as a normal person was over. She was going to have to leave everything, her family, her friends, and go into hiding. From this point on, she would be one of the four most important people in the world-the only of the four Wild Powers who was identified. Constantly hunted. Constantly in danger. Sought after by everyone in the Night World, for a hundred different reasons. And Claire had no experience. She was so innocent. How was she supposed to adjust to a life like that? Jez shut her eyes. Her knees were so weak that she had to sit down. â€Å"Oh, Claire †¦ I'm sorry.† Claire gulped, staring at her. There was fear in her dark eyes. Hugh knelt. His expression was still and sad. Tm sorry, too,† he said, speaking directly to Claire. â€Å"I don't blame you at all for not wanting this. But for right now, I think we'd better think about getting you someplace safe.† Claire now had the look of somebody after an earthquake. How could this happen to me? Why wasn't I paying attention before it hit? â€Å"I†¦ have to go home,† she said. But she said it very slowly, looking at Jez in fear. Jez shook her head. â€Å"Claire-you can't I-† She paused to gather herself, then spoke quietly and firmly. â€Å"Home isn't safe anymore. There are going to be people looking for you-bad people.† She glanced at Hugh. He nodded. â€Å"A werewolf tried to run me down with a car, then jumped me. I think he must have followed me from the station. I knocked him out, but I didn't kill him.† â€Å"And there's the vampire from the platform,† Jez said. â€Å"He got away-did he see the flash?† â€Å"He saw everything. We were both right there, looking down at you. After that, he took off running. I'm sure he's going back to report to whoever sent him.† â€Å"And they'll be putting everything they have on the streets, looking for us.† Jez looked around the garage. â€Å"We need transportation, Hugh.† Hugh gave a tiny grin. â€Å"Why do I have the feeling you don't mean a taxi?† â€Å"If you've got a pocketknife, I can hotwire a car. But we have to make sure nobody's around. The last thing we need is the police.† They both stood up, Jez reaching down absent-mindedly to pull Claire to her feet. Claire whispered, â€Å"Wait. I'm not ready for tins-â€Å" Jez braced herself to be merciless. â€Å"You're never going to be ready, Claire. Nobody is. But you have no idea what these people will do to you if they find you. You†¦ just have no idea.† She located a Mustang across the garage. â€Å"That's a good one. Let's go.† There was a loose brick in the wall near the car. Jez wrapped it in her jacket and broke the window. It only took a moment to get the door open and another few seconds to start the car. And then everybody was inside and Jez was pulling smoothly out â€Å"Take Yanacio Boulevard to the freeway,† Hugh said. â€Å"We've got to head south. There's a safe house in Fremont.† But they never made it out of the garage. Jez saw the Volvo as she turned the first corner toward the exit It had its brights on and it was heading right for them. She twisted the wheel, trying to maneuver, but a Mustang wasn't a motorcycle. She didn't have room. She couldn't slip out and get away. The Volvo never even slowed down. And this time there was no blue light. There was a terrible crashing of metal on metal, and Jez fell into darkness. Everything hurt. Jez woke up slowly. For a long moment she had no idea where she was. Someplace-moving. She was being jolted and jarred, and that wasn't good, because she seemed to be bruised all over. Now, how had that happened†¦ ? She remembered. And sat up so fast that it made her head spin. She found herself looking around the dim interior of a van. Dim because there were no real windows. The one in back had been covered from the outside with duct tape, and only a little light came through at the top and bottom. No light came from the front. The driver's compartment was closed off from the back by a metal wall. There were no seats in back, nothing at all to work with. Only three figures lying motionless on the floor. Claire. Hugh. And†¦ Morgead. Jez stared, crawling forward to look at each of them. Claire looked all right. She had been in the backseat with a seat belt on. Her face was very pale, but she didn't seem to be bleeding and she was breathing evenly. Hugh looked worse. His right arm was twisted oddly under him. Jez touched it gently and determined that it was broken. And I don't have anything to set it with. And I think sbmething else is wrong with him-his breathing's raspy. Finally she looked at Morgead. He looked great. He wasn't scraped or bruised or cut like the rest of them. The only injury she could find was a huge lump on his forehead. Even as she brushed his hair back from it, he stirred. His eyes opened and Jez found herself looking into dark emeralds. â€Å"Jez!† He sat up, too fast. She pushed him back down. He struggled up again. â€Å"Jez, what happened? Where are we?† â€Å"I was hoping you might tell me that.† He was looking around the van, catching up fast Like any vampire, he didn't stay groggy long. â€Å"I got hit. With wood. Somebody got me when I left my apartment.† He looked at her sharply. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Yeah. I got hit with a car. But it could be worse; it was almost a train.† They were both looking around now, automatically in synch, searching for clues to their situation and ways to get out They didn't have to discuss it The first order of business was always escape. â€Å"Do you have any idea who hit you?† Jez said, running her fingers over the back door. No handles, no way to get out â€Å"No. Pierce called to say he'd come up with something on the Wild Power. I was going to meet him when suddenly I got attacked from behind.† He was going over the metal barrier that separated them from the driver's cabin, but now he glanced at her. â€Å"What do you mean, it was almost a train?† â€Å"Nothing here. Nothing on the sides. This van is stripped.† â€Å"Nothing here, either. What do you mean, a train?† Jez wiggled around to face him. â€Å"You really don't know?† He stared at her for a moment. Either he was a fantastic actor, or he was both innocent and outraged. â€Å"You think I would do something to hurt you?† Jez shrugged. â€Å"It's happened in the past.† He glared, seemed about to get into one of his Excited States. Then he shook his head. â€Å"I have no idea what's going on. And I would not try to hurt you.† â€Å"Then we're both in trouble.† He leaned back against the metal wall. â€Å"I believe you there.† He was silent for a moment, then said in an odd, deliberate tone, â€Å"It's the Council, isn't it? They found out about Hunter's deal with us, and they're moving in.† Jez opened her mouth, shut it. Opened it again. â€Å"Probably,† she said. She needed Morgead. Claire and Hugh weren't fighters. And whoever had them was a formidable enemy. She didn't think it was the Council. The Council wouldn't use hired thugs; it would work through the Elders in San Francisco. And it would have no reason to kidnap Morgead; the deal with Hunter Redfern didn't really exist. Whoever it really was had a good intelligence system, good enough to discover that Morgead knew something about the Wild Power. And had a lot of money, because it had imported a lot of muscle. And had a sense of strategy, because the kidnappings of Jez and Claire and Hugh and Morgead had been beautifully timed and nicely executed. It might be some rogue vampire or werewolf chieftain who wanted to grab power. It might be some rival vampire gang in California. For all Jez knew, it might even be some insane faction of Circle Daybreak. The only thing that was certain was that she was going to have to fight them whenever this van got where it was going, and that she needed all the help she could get. So it was important to lie to Morgead one last time, and hope that he would fight with her. She had to get Claire away safely. That was all that mattered. The world would survive without her and Morgead, and even without Hugh, although it would be a darker place. But it wouldn't survive without Claire. â€Å"Whether it's the Council or not, we're going to have to fight them,† she said out loud. â€Å"How's your energy-blast trick? The one you demonstrated when we were stick-fighting.† He snorted. â€Å"Not good. I used up all my Power fighting the guys who tackled me. It'll be a long time before I recharge.† Jez's heart sank. â€Å"Too bad,† she said unemotionally. â€Å"Because those two aren't going to be able to do much.† â€Å"Those humans? Who are they, by the way?† His voice was so carefully careless again. Jez hesitated. If she said they were unimportant, he might not help her save them. But she couldn't tell the truth, either. â€Å"That's Claire, and this is Hugh. They're-acquaintances. They've helped me in the past.† â€Å"Humans?† â€Å"Even humans can be useful sometimes.† ‘I thought maybe one of them might be the Wild Power.† â€Å"You thought if I found the Wild Power I wouldn't tell you?† ‘It occurred to me.† â€Å"You're so cynical, Morgead.† ‘I prefer to call it observant,† he said. ‘For instance, I can tell you something about your friend Hugh, there. I saw him in the city, just once, but I remember his face. He's a damned Daybreaker.† Jez felt a tension in her chest, but she kept her face expressionless. â€Å"So maybe I'm using him for something.† â€Å"And maybe,† Morgead said, simply and pleasantly, â€Å"you're using me.† Jez lost her breath. She stared at him. His face was shadowed, but she could see its clean tines, the strong but delicate features, the darkness of his eyebrows and the tension in his jaw. And she knew, as he narrowed his eyes, that they were the color of glacier ice. â€Å"You know,† he said, â€Å"there's still a connection between us. I can feel it, sort of like a cord between our minds. It pulls. You can't deny it, Jez. It's there whether you like it or not. And-† He considered, as if thinking of the best way to put this. â€Å"It tells me things. Things about you.† Oh, hell, Jez thought. It's over. I'm just going to have to protect Hugh and Claire myself. From him and whoever's got us. Part of her was scared, but part was just furious, the familiar fury of needing to bash Morgead over the head. He was so certain of himself, so †¦ smug. â€Å"So what's it telling you now?† she said sarcastically before she could stop herself. â€Å"That you're not telling the truth. That there's something you're keeping from me, something you've been keeping from me. And that it has to do with him.† He nodded toward Hugh. He knew. The jerk knew and he was just playing with her. Jez could feel self-control slipping away. â€Å"Something to do with why you want the Wild Power,† Morgead went on, a strange smile playing on his lips. â€Å"And with where you've been for the past year, and with why you suddenly want to protect humans. And why you say ‘Goddess' when you're surprised. No vampire says that. It's a witch thing.† Goddess, I'm going to kill him, Jez thought, clenching her teeth. â€Å"Anything else?† she said evenly. â€Å"And with why you're scared of me reading your thoughts.† He smirked. â€Å"Told you I was observant.† Jez lost it. â€Å"Yeah, Morgead, you're brilliant. So are you smart enough to figure out what it all means? Or just to get suspicious?† â€Å"It means-† He looked uncertain suddenly, as if he hadn't exactly figured out where all this was leading. He frowned. â€Å"It means†¦ that you're †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked at her. â€Å"With Circle Daybreak.† It came out as a statement, but a weak one. Almost a question. And he was staring at her with an I-don't-believe-it look. â€Å"Very good,† Jez said nastily. â€Å"Two points. No, one; it took you long enough.† Morgead stared at her. Then he suddenly erupted out of his side of the van. Jez jumped forward, too, in a crouch that would let her move fluidly and protect Hugh and Claire. But Morgead didn't attack. He just tried to grab her shoulders and shake her. â€Å"You little idiot!† he yelled. Jez was startled. â€Å"What?† â€Å"You're a Daybreaker?† â€Å"I thought you had it all figured out.† What was wrong with him? Instead of looking betrayed and bloodthirsty he looked scared and angry. Like a mother whose kid has just run in front of a bus. â€Å"I did-I guess-but I still can't believe it. Jez, why? Don't you know how stupid that is? Don't you realize what's going to happen to them?† â€Å"Look, Morgead-â€Å" â€Å"They're going to lose, Jez. It's not just going to be the Council against them now. Everybody in the Night World is going to be gunning for them. They're going to get wiped out, and anybody who sides with them will be wiped out, too.† His face was two inches from hers. Jez glared at him, refusing to give ground. â€Å"I'm not just siding with them,† she hissed. â€Å"I am one of them. I'm a damned Daybreaker.† â€Å"You're a dead Daybreaker. I can't believe this. How am I supposed to protect you from the whole Night World?† She stared at him. â€Å"What?† He settled back, glaring, but not at her. He was looking around the van, avoiding her eyes. â€Å"You heard me. I don't care who your friends are, Jez. I don't even care that you came back to use me. I'm just glad you came back. We're soulmates, and nothing can change that.† Then he shook his head furiously. â€Å"Even if you won't admit it.† â€Å"Morgead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Suddenly the ache in Jez's chest was too much to stay inside. It was closing off her throat, making her eyes sting, trying to make her cry. She had misjudged Morgead, too. She'd been so sure that he would hate her, that he could never forgive. But of course, he didn't know the whole truth yet. He probably thought that her being a Daybreaker was something she would grow out of. That it was just a matter of getting her to see the light and change sides again, and she would become the old Jez Redfern. He didn't realize that the old Jez Red-fern had been an illusion. Tm sorry,† she said abruptly, helplessly. â€Å"For all of this, Morgead-I'm sorry. It really wasn't fair to you for me to come back.† He looked irritated. â€Å"I told you; I'm glad you did. We can work things out-if you'll just stop being so stubborn. We'll get out of this-â€Å" â€Å"Even if we do get out of it, nothing's going to change.† She looked up at him. She wasn't frightened of what he might do anymore. The only thing she was frightened of was seeing disgust in his eyes-but she still had to tell him. â€Å"I can't be your soulmate, Morgead.† He hardly seemed to be listening to her. â€Å"Yes, you can. I told you, I don't care who your friends are. Well keep you alive somehow. The only thing I don't understand is why you'd want to ally yourself with stupid humans, when you know they're going to lose.† Jez looked at him. Morgead, the vampire's vampire, whose only interest was in seeing the Night World conquer humanity completely. Who was what she had been a year ago, and what she could never be again. Who thought of her as an ally, a descendent of one of the first families of the lamia. Who thought he loved who he thought she was. Jez kept looking at him steadily, and when she spoke, it was very quietly. And it was the truth. â€Å"Because I'm a human,† she said.

Free Essays on Missullini And Fascism

Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. Fascism seeks to organize an organization led mass movement in an effort to capture the state power. The ideology of Fascism has been identified with totalitarianism, state terror, fanaticism, arranged violence, and blind obedience. Fascism is an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy and other European countries after 1919 as a reaction against the profound political and social changes brought about from inflation, Benito Mussolini was the man who brought this ideology to Italy. Mussolini had been looking for the perfect opportunity to take complete control of the country and now was the time to do so. Mussolini said "Fascism, which was not afraid to call itself reactionary†¦does not hesitate to call itself illiberal and anti-liberal"Mussolini furthered his popularity by supporting eight hour days, elimination of class privileges, universal suffrage, and tax advantages.... Free Essays on Missullini And Fascism Free Essays on Missullini And Fascism Fascism is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. Fascism is a philosophy or a system of government the advocates or exercises a dictatorship of the extreme right, typically through the merging of state and business leadership, together with an ideology of aggressive nationalism. Celebrating the nation or the race as an organic community surpassing all other loyalties. Fascism seeks to organize an organization led mass movement in an effort to capture the state power. The ideology of Fascism has been identified with totalitarianism, state terror, fanaticism, arranged violence, and blind obedience. Fascism is an authoritarian political movement that developed in Italy and other European countries after 1919 as a reaction against the profound political and social changes brought about from inflation, Benito Mussolini was the man who brought this ideology to Italy. Mussolini had been looking for the perfect opportunity to take complete control of the country and now was the time to do so. Mussolini said "Fascism, which was not afraid to call itself reactionary†¦does not hesitate to call itself illiberal and anti-liberal"Mussolini furthered his popularity by supporting eight hour days, elimination of class privileges, universal suffrage, and tax advantages....

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay James Chadwick had many accomplishments Nobel Prize, wartime knighthood, Master of Gonville and Caius, Companion of Honor but was a troubled, hyper-tense human being, capable of love and choler every bit good as restraint. Chadwick was born in Bollington, non far from Manchester, England, on October 20, 1891, to John Joseph Chadwick and Ann Mary Knowles. Chadwick senior owned a wash concern in Manchester. At the age of 16, Chadwick won a scholarship to the University of Manchester, where he had intended to analyze mathematics. However, because he was erroneously interviewed for entree to the natural philosophies plan and was excessively diffident to explicate the mistake, he decided to remain in natural philosophies. Initially Chadwick was disappointed in the natural philosophy categories, happening them excessively big and noisy. But in his 2nd twelvemonth, he heard a talk by experimental physicist Ernest Rutherford about his early New Zealand experiments. Chadwick established a close working relationship with Rutherford and graduated in 1911 with first awards. Chadwick stayed at Manchester to work on his maestro s grade. During this clip he made the familiarity of others in the natural philosophies section, including Hans Geiger and Niels Bohr. Chadwick completed his M.S. in 1913 and won a scholarship that required him to make his research off from the establishment that granted his grade. At this clip Geiger returned to Germany, and Chadwick decided to follow him. Chadwick had non been in Germany long when World War I broke out. Soon he was arrested and sat in a Berlin gaol for 10 yearss until Geiger s research lab interceded for his release. Finally Chadwick was interned for the continuance of the war, as were all other Englishmen in Germany. Chadwick spent the war old ages confined at a race path, where he shared with five other work forces a stable intended for two Equus caballuss. His four old ages at that place were quiet, cold, and hungry. He managed to keep correspondence with Geiger. Although the work he did under such rough conditions was non really fruitful, Chadwickfelt that the experience of internment contributed to his adulthood. Furthermore, when Chadwickreturned to England, he found that no 1 else had made much advancement in atomic natural philosophies during his clip off. His careful self-humbleness, though, kept him from the spotlight, and his primary function over the following 20 old ages was as Rutherford s helper. They had a complex relationship where Chadwick was confidant, critic and counsellor every bit good as general factotum ( labourer ) for the great adult male, peculiarly during their long association at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. One of Chadwick s first undertakings was to assist Rutherford set up a unit of measuring for radiation, to help in experiments with the radiation of atomic karyon. Chadwick so developed a method to mensurate radiation that required the observation of flashes, called scintillations, in Zn sulphide crystals under a microscope and in complete darkness. Chadwickand Rutherford spent much clip experimenting with the transubstantiation of elements, trying to interrupt up the karyon of one component so that different elements would be formed. This work finally led to other experiments to estimate the size and map the construction of the atomic karyon. Throughout the old ages of work on the transubstantiation of elements, Chadwick and Rutherford struggled with an incompatibility. They saw that about every component had an atomic figure that was less than its atomic mass. In other words, an atom of any given component seemed to hold more mass than could be accounted for by the figure of protons in its karyon. Rutherford so suggested the possibility of a atom with the mass of a proton and a impersonal charge, but for a long clip his and Chadwick s efforts to happen such a atom were in vain. For twelve old ages, Chadwick looked intermittently and unsuccessfully for the neutrally-charged atom that Rutherford proposed. In 1930 two German physicists, Walther Bothe and Hans Becker, found an unexpectedly penetrating radiation, thought to be gamma beams, when some elements were bombarded with alpha-particles. However, the component Be showed an emanation form that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for. Chadwick suspected that impersonal atoms were responsible for the emanations. Work done in France in 1922 by physicists Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie supplied the reply. Analyzing the conjectural gamma-ray emanations from Be, they found that radiation increased when the emanations passed through the absorbing stuff paraffin. Although the Joliot-Curie squad concluded that gamma beams emitted by Be knocked H protons out of the paraffin, Chadwickimmediately saw that their experiments would corroborate the presence of the neutron, since it would take a impers onal atom of such mass to travel a proton. He foremost set to work showing that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for the ascertained phenomena, because gamma beams would non hold plenty energy to chuck out protons so quickly. Then he showed that the Be karyon, when combined with an alpha-particle, could be transmuted to a C karyon, let go ofing a atom with a mass comparable to that of a proton but with a impersonal charge. The neutron had eventually been tracked down. Other experiments showed that a B karyon plus an alpha-particle consequences in a N nucleus plus a neutron. Chadwick s first public proclamation of the find was in an article in the diaryNaturewith a title feature of his retiring personality, Possible Being of a Neutron. It was his find of the neutron, in an experiment of demilitarizing simpleness in 1932, which pulled him from Rutherford s shadow and won him, with unusual promptitude, the Nobel Prize for natural philosophies in 1935. He was now a giant in his field, and all his studious attempts to give recognition to others could non hide it. That same twelvemonth, Chadwicktook a place at the University of Liverpool to set up a new research centre in atomic natural philosophies and to construct a atom gas pedal. Chadwick s repute manifested his engagement with the atomic bomb and the single-mindedness he brought to the early thought and feasibleness work in Britain, and to the subsequent development of the arm in the US. Chadwick, among the first to see the potency for a arm and to recognize that Nazi Germany might be doing it, threw himself into the undertaking and ended up in consequence in charge on the British side. Chadwick s find of the neutron made possible more precise scrutinies of the karyon. It besides led to guesss about uranium fission. Physicists found that pelting uranium karyon with neutrons caused the karyon to divide into two about equal pieces and to let go of energy in the really big sums predicted by Einstein s expression E=mc2. This phenomenon, known as atomic fission, was discovered and publicized on the Eve of World War II, and many scientists instantly began to theorize about its application to warfare. Britain rapidly assembled a group of scientists under the Ministry of Aircraft Production, called the Maud Committee, to prosecute the practicality of an atomic bomb. Chadwick was put in charge of organizing all the experimental attempts of the universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Liverpool, London, and Oxford. Initially Chadwick s duties were limited to the really hard and purely experimental facets of the research undertaking. Gradually, he became more involved with other responsibilities in the organisation, peculiarly as interpreter. Chadwick s work in measuring and showing grounds convinced British authorities and military leaders to travel in front with the undertaking. Chadwick s engagement was wide and deep, coercing him to cover with scientific inside informations of uranium supplies and radiation effects every bit good as broader issues of scientific organisation and policy. His correspondence during this clip referred to issues runing from Britain s relationship with the United States to the effects of Co on the wellness of sheep. As the force per unit areas of war became greater, the British realized that even with their theoretical progresss, they did non hold the practical resources to develop a on the job atomic bomb. In 1943 Britain and the United States signed the Quebec Agreement, which created a partnership between the two states for the development of an atomic bomb. Chadwick became the leader of the British contingent involved in the Manhattan Project in the United States. Although he was diffident and used to the isolation of the research lab, Chadwick became known for his tireless attempts at coaction and his acute sense of diplomatic negotiations. He maintained friendly Anglo-American dealingss despite a great assortment of scientific challenges, political battles, and conflicting personalities. On July 16, 1945, he witnessed the first atomic trial in the New Mexico desert. After the war, Chadwick s work continued to concentrate on atomic arms. He was an adviser for the British representatives to the United Nations sing the control of atomic energy around the universe. Although he pushed for atomic policy issues every bit much as he pushed for scientific solutions, Chadwick finally saw the inutility of the atomic bomb. Margaret Gowing, in her article, James Chadwick and the Atomic Bomb, wrote that Chadwick made a comment about the bomb saying Its consequence in doing agony is out of all proportion to its military consequence. Chadwick s postwar engagement with atomic energy was non limited to arms. He besides was interested in medical applications of radioactive stuffs, and he worked to develop ways of modulating radioactive substances. Chadwick was a dedicated and indefatigable scientist who balanced his committednesss to science with a committedness to his household. He and his married woman, Aileen Stewart-Brown, whom he married in 1925, had twin girls. Chadwick was diffident and serious and had an demanding sense of subject and a indefatigable attending to item. When he was at the Cavendish research lab, all documents that went out for publication passed under his critical regard. Here is a adult male known as psychologically delicate so weak at times that he would plead unwellness to avoid an unwelcome confrontation with a mere undergraduate who for five old ages drives meetings, knocks scientific caputs together, toughs ministries and conducts the most delicate diplomatic negotiations with the Americans. He went on to fall in the great and good in postwar Britain and was honored for his work, but what he had done in the war, invariably fighting against his ain nature and inherent aptitudes, left him weakened and at times about defeated by life. Although his ability to work out jobs and form people neer left him, he seems progressively to hold used unwellness ( which mystified his physicians ) to screen himself against troubles. In 1950 he was proposed as vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, but turned it down on wellness evidences. He was knighted in 1945 and in 1948 was elected maestro of Gonville and Caius College, a station from which he retired in 1959. Three old ages subsequently he retired besides from the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, on which he had served as parttime member from 1957. Sir James Chadwick died in Cambridge, England, on July 24, 1974. Mentions 1. Brown, Andrew ( July 31, 1997 ) The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 2. James Chadwick ( 27 Feb. 1932 ) Letterss to the editor: Possible being of a neutron, Nature, vol. 129, page 312. 3. Chadwick, J. ( 1932 ) The being of a neutron, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, vol. 136, pages 692-708 4. Gowing, Margaret ( January, 1993 ) Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. JamesChadwick and the Atomic Bomb, pp. 79-92. 5. Oliphant, Mark ( December, 1982 ) The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron, pp. 14-18. 6. Pollard, Ernest ( October, 1991 ) Physics World. Neutron Pioneer, pp. 31-33. 7. Ioan, James ( 2004 ) Remarkable Physicists From Galileo to Yukawa. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Madison Ellenburg Physical Science

Electronics essays

Electronics essays This project requires us to design and build a circuit that generates specified functions on the oscilloscope, as given on the project description. Also, we were required to design a means of selecting different frequencies and different amplitudes. This was especially difficult because the selection had to be made directly from the breadboard. For the final part of the lab, we were to draw the graphs we obtained to show how the various functions were generated digitally. The results we got were very sound. We were able to generate all of the minimum requirements (a square wave and ramp wave). Also, we were able to generate the waves that would give us extra credit (a triangle wave and approximations to a sine wave). We also discovered a way to easily vary frequency and amplitude. This experiment uses four operational amplifiers (opamps) to deliver these waveforms in the 6 Hz to 7000 Hz range. The sine wave is a pseudo sine wave produces by a very simple wave shaping circuit. A digital counter can be used along with a DAC to generate analog voltage functions of time such as square wave and ramp wave. In this lab, we were to design and build a circuit that generates an analog square wave and a saw-tooth (ramp) wave of voltage, using a counter and DAC/. While working on this project, we thought of alternatives that would increase efficiency. An alternative we considered was to switch to a different project. This was thought about when we were having trouble with the implementation of the circuit. However, we decided to stick with this project. We decided this because we had already put in much thought and work into this particular project. Also, we decided to use flip-flops to simplify the circuit. Square, sine and triangle waves are produced using an LM348 and passive components. The LM348 is a quad operational amplifier IC package; that is, it contains four separate opamps all in the one IC. They are marked A, B, C & D in the...

Response for Was Sumerian Civilization Exclusively Male Dominated Essay

Response for Was Sumerian Civilization Exclusively Male Dominated - Essay Example The Sumerian Pantheon and theology were primarily populated and controlled by male deities like An, Enlil and Enki (Starr, 1965). The important Sumerian epic Gilgamesh has a male as its central character (Starr, 1965). In the Sumerian social hierarchy, the leading priestly class was male dominated (Starr, 1965). In contrast, Kramer presents Sumerian history and cosmology as an arena impregnated by both the male and female influences, in which the feminine element does hold its sway. The inscriptions of King Urukagina do prove that in the early Sumerian society, women did wield power in the Sumerian political and religious life (Kramer, 1976). Many important high priestesses like Enheduanna were esteemed for the political and literary contributions made by them (Kramer, 1976). The Sumerian Pantheon comprised of influential and powerful goddesses like Ninhursag and Inanna (Kramer, 1976). The position evinced by Kramer is more agreeable as it takes into consideration the larger body of the available historical and literary evidence, to elaborate on the position of women in the Sumerian society. This position is supported by Henk Dijkstra. As per him, women did command much power in the Sumerian legal system (Dijkstra, 1996, p. 241). K Ann Pyburn also mentions the important role played by women in the Sumerian political hierarchy (Pyburn, 2004, p. 34). As per Pyburn, the feminine element is distinctly visible in the Sumerian political history and

History of East Asia 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of East Asia 2 - Essay Example The Yamato clan conquered large part of Japan, especially Honshu and Kyushu islands. As mentioned earlier, there were many clans and families that ruled sections of the country. The biggest threat that a king faced during those times were uprising from these local rulers. By mid 500 AD Buddhism has been established and its peace message ensured that the country did not face too much of internal and external threats for around four hundred years. Even so, there was the possible threat of uprising from some ambitious head of the local clans. The Heian Empire sought the help of the Fujwara clan in maintaining peace and even allowed them regency rule. This powerful clan helped to see that other clans accepted the rule of the Heian Empire. King Kotoku used another tactic through land and policy reforms to weaken the aristocratic families during the middle of the sixth century AD. He made a rule that all agriculture property in his domain become the property of the emperor which will be leased out to people for cultivation. During later periods, hundreds of Buddhist Templ es were built and these were under the control of priests or monks. Their sheer number and influence began to rise and king feared that his own influence and power may be overshadowed. In 794 AD the current capital was moved to what is today known as Kyoto to reduce the meddling of priests in national affairs. A law was also passed at that time allowing no more than two Buddhist temples to be built within the city premises. So, the popularity and growth of Buddhism gave rise to one more type of threat apart from those that came from the local clans and families. The Fujiwara clan began to have more influence with the king by the second half of 800 AD. The far sighted head of the clan married off the daughters to emperors ensured that the son born out the liaison would become the king in the future. The head of the Fujiwara clan then would proclaim himself as the regent to

Supramolecular polymer based on hydrogen bonding Essay

Supramolecular polymer based on hydrogen bonding - Essay Example This will lead to the development of inexpensive procedure affording urea based monomers acting the terminals of the chains. According to H1 NMR both 2-(4-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido) phenyl)acetic acid and 4-(4-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)phenyl)butanoic acid were impossible to purify using recrystallization. However, the same method of purification was successful in case of using 4-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)benzoic acid as a substrate for purificalion. This purified product was taken on to the next step where the transformation from benzoic acid derivative into two electron acceptor group was conducted introducing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Subsequent polymer formation was achieved through self-assembly process between two electron donating group of urea and two electron accepting group of the previously synthesized benzoic acid salt. 2) Conclusions The research provided an account on the supramolecular chemistry of a set of 1-(3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-phenylurea derivatives. It was motivated by the extraordinary chemistry manifested by supramolecular polymers based on hydrogen bonding. The work pointed out to the substantial differences between the obtained substrates. First of all, 2-(4-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)phenyl)acetic acid and 4-(4-(3-(3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)phenyl)butanoic acid contained impurities which were impossible to remove using recrystallization. In both cases two purification attempts were made, both unsuccessful. On the other hand the same technique was applicable in purifying 4-(3-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ureido)benzoic acid. This fact leads to the conclusion that purification method should be changed in case of the first two derivatives should the synthesis be repeated. For example, flash column chromatography would be an attractive alternative. To conclude, an inexpensive and efficient method that allowed the production of urea based monomers was developed. The reaction affords excellent yields and the process is easy to carry out. Because tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and inorganic bases can be compared in their basic properties, it was possible to obtain the salt of the required monomer in an excellent 70% yield. The work is partly successful and due to time limits it was not possible to repeat each step again. It raised important question which will form the bases of the future work. 3) Future work First of all, in future, it is important to find efficient methods of purification products achieved in experiment one and two. By doing that it will be possible, comparing the yield, draw conclusions about formation of the intermediates. The produced intermediates will be transformed into supramolecular polymer substrates chain-stopping properties of which will be investigated. As it is seen from the first three experiments the only difference between substrates is the number of carbon atoms in the chain next to the benzen e ring. For this reason it will be possible to draw conclusions between viscosity of the formed suprapolymer and the number of carbon atoms. Solutions of the mentioned polymers are known to have high viscosity and their rheological behaviour is different in case of different polymers. For example, it was established that polymers containing ureidopyrimidinone units are different from those

Legal research skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal research skills - Essay Example 8. Which documents must be obtained before conducting a charitable collection and from which bodies a) The promoters of the charitable collection must hold a public collections certificate obtained from the Commission (S 52 (1)), and b) A permit issued by the local authority in whose area it is conducted (S 59 (1)) 9. What types of financial assistance may a Minister give to a charity Financial assistance may be given by way of: (a) grants, (b) loans, (c) guarantees, or (d) incurring expenditure for the benefit of the person assisted. (S 70 (2)) 10. What is the maximum period a person can be a member of the Charity Commission Membership in a Charity Commission is only for a maximum of 3 years. (Schedule 1A, S3(1)) Task 2: Statutory Instruments (SIs) Chosen statutory instrument (SI): Cattle Identification Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/529) 1. When did the regulations come into force The regulation came into effect on the 6th April 2007 (S 1) 2. What is a "holding" under the regulations A "holding" means any establishment, construction or, in the case of an open-air farm, any place in which cattle are held, kept or handled (S 2(1)(c)) 3. When must ear tags be applied to ears of bison The keeper must apply both tags when the calves are separated from their dams or within nine months of the birth, whichever is the sooner. (Schedule 1, 1(3)(c)) 4. A farmer discovers that his cow has lost her ear tag. She was born on 1 February 2007 in Somerset. What must the farmer do and by when He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag...(S 18) c) the need for the charity (or the receiving charity in the case of a transfer) to have purposes which are suitable and effective in the light of current social and economic circumstances (S18) He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag was secondary) and failure to do is an offence. (Schedule 1, (4)(2)) In the case of a dairy herd, the second ear tag is applied within 20 days from the birth of the calf (Schedule 1, 3 (c)). From the time the Farmer or keeper applies that 2nd tag, he must within 7days register the calf (Schedule 2, 3(1)). The judges in the case were Lord Brown-Wilkinson, Lord Lloyd of Berwick, Lord Hoffman, Lord Hope of Craighead, and Lord Clyde (House of Lords Judgments - Alan Wibberly Building Limited v. Insley / Session 1998-99/ 29 April 1999) Lord Hoffman gave the leading judgment contained in paragraphs 3-24 of the Opinions of the Lords of Appeal, 29 April 1999. The other judges expressed their affirmation to Lord Hoffman's judgment (paragraphs 1, 2, 25 and 31) a.

To study at a young age in abroad Research Paper

To study at a young age in abroad - Research Paper Example In the past, studying abroad was considered as greater luxury that was beyond the reach of everyone except the bright scholarship students and the rich students. However, the trend has changed subsequently where more students go abroad at their younger age to study without visualizing the dark sides of studying in the alien countries. Studying abroad leads to considerable expenses and most of the families need to possess large sum of money so that they can finance their loved ones. Many of them feel very lonely without the families and many face identity crisis. Moreover, it has also been found that students studying abroad tries to inculcate that particular countries culture and have hard times in getting back to their own culture and way of life (Chung, â€Å"Study Abroad of Young Korean Children: Gain and Losses†). It can be said that the student over 18 years can be allowed to send to foreign countries because after that age the students learn to be responsible and don’t tend to forget their individuality and become more self aware. There has been number of studies that show that students who are studying abroad are at risk for mental health issues. From the study it was evident that the students feel very depressed and have trouble in acclimatizing. Moreover, they can face problems of depression, addiction, anxiety, obsessive compulsiveness, post-traumatic stress disorders, eating disorders and others. College tends to be a stressful place for the young students as they make the changeover from home to liberty. The students going abroad to study are required to separate from their family as well as friends. This becomes even more existent for students who are far from their family and friends. This kind of students faces feeling of loss and separation anxiety. Cultural shock has been one of the main problems that the students of younger age face when

Legal research skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal research skills - Essay Example 8. Which documents must be obtained before conducting a charitable collection and from which bodies a) The promoters of the charitable collection must hold a public collections certificate obtained from the Commission (S 52 (1)), and b) A permit issued by the local authority in whose area it is conducted (S 59 (1)) 9. What types of financial assistance may a Minister give to a charity Financial assistance may be given by way of: (a) grants, (b) loans, (c) guarantees, or (d) incurring expenditure for the benefit of the person assisted. (S 70 (2)) 10. What is the maximum period a person can be a member of the Charity Commission Membership in a Charity Commission is only for a maximum of 3 years. (Schedule 1A, S3(1)) Task 2: Statutory Instruments (SIs) Chosen statutory instrument (SI): Cattle Identification Regulations 2007 (SI 2007/529) 1. When did the regulations come into force The regulation came into effect on the 6th April 2007 (S 1) 2. What is a "holding" under the regulations A "holding" means any establishment, construction or, in the case of an open-air farm, any place in which cattle are held, kept or handled (S 2(1)(c)) 3. When must ear tags be applied to ears of bison The keeper must apply both tags when the calves are separated from their dams or within nine months of the birth, whichever is the sooner. (Schedule 1, 1(3)(c)) 4. A farmer discovers that his cow has lost her ear tag. She was born on 1 February 2007 in Somerset. What must the farmer do and by when He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag...(S 18) c) the need for the charity (or the receiving charity in the case of a transfer) to have purposes which are suitable and effective in the light of current social and economic circumstances (S18) He must, within 28 days of the discovery, replace it with another ear tag bearing the same number (which must be a primary tag if the original was primary or a primary or secondary tag if the original tag was secondary) and failure to do is an offence. (Schedule 1, (4)(2)) In the case of a dairy herd, the second ear tag is applied within 20 days from the birth of the calf (Schedule 1, 3 (c)). From the time the Farmer or keeper applies that 2nd tag, he must within 7days register the calf (Schedule 2, 3(1)). The judges in the case were Lord Brown-Wilkinson, Lord Lloyd of Berwick, Lord Hoffman, Lord Hope of Craighead, and Lord Clyde (House of Lords Judgments - Alan Wibberly Building Limited v. Insley / Session 1998-99/ 29 April 1999) Lord Hoffman gave the leading judgment contained in paragraphs 3-24 of the Opinions of the Lords of Appeal, 29 April 1999. The other judges expressed their affirmation to Lord Hoffman's judgment (paragraphs 1, 2, 25 and 31) a.

Should Stem Cell Research be Unbound Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Should Stem Cell be Unbound - Research Proposal Example Spinal cord injuries and Parkinson's disease are two examples that have been championed by high-profile media personalities (for instance, Christopher Reeve and Michael J. Fox). The Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research estimates that stem cell research shows promise to develop cures and/or new treatments for 100 million Americans who currently suffer from a wide variety of diseases and disorders. There are several types of issues to consider as we reflect upon stem cell research. ... Many frame the debate about stem cell research around the question of "when life begins," although the issue is not when life begins, but when personhood begins and ends. Human life began millions of years ago when our ancestors reached a stage of evolutionary development that permitted the separate species, Homo sapiens to arise. Human life will end when our species becomes extinct. Stem cell research is a controversial issue in America as, with the present state of technology, the creation of a human embryonic stem cell line requires the destruction of a human embryo. Stem cell debates have motivated and reinvigorated the pro-life movement. There has been a deep and bitter dispute over the conduct of this research; many pro-lifers, for instance, Roman Catholics and conservative Protestants, have opposed this research. According to them, the embryos from which these stem cells are extracted are actually individual entities and have a soul to them. Since the embryos are killed when the stem cells are removed, or stored for long periods of time, long past their viable storage life, pro-lifers view the extraction procedure as murder. In the United States alone, there have been estimates of at least 400,000 such embryos. However, not everyone is opposed to stem cell research. Many groups that even protest it are comfortable with certain forms of cell research. Plent y of experiments and tests have been carried out to determine improved and more efficient ways of saving lives and replacing organs, without having to kill â€Å"pre-embryos.†

Rigid journey Essay Example for Free

Rigid journey Essay It was a â€Å"rigid journey† that started with two voices and that ended with one. One is the voice of meaningless modernity. Disjointed and syncopated, this voice hopes to fit in with the norm, tirelessly finding meaning through misconstrued words. The other is the voice of an ailing past as it struggles to keep up with the present. It is the words of fable and myth, lost in the humdrum of everyday life. Coming in contact through an unexpected dialogue, these two voices collide but, further on, reveal their similarities in order to address the issues of their looming futures. Jonathan Safran Foer’s critically-successful debut novel Everything is Illuminated relishes in these two voices, speaking to its readers in dual tones as a metaphor of the different perspectives that arise from a problem of identity that epitomizes this generation: a generation fraught by issues brought about by concerns of industry, capitalism, and materialism. Part memoir, part travelogue, this novel primarily chronicles the travels of Jonathan Foer, a young Jewish-American writer of the same name as the author, who attempts to research his grandfather’s life in Ukraine and discover the woman who had saved him from apparent execution in the hands of Nazi soldiers. To make his trip remotely easier, he employs the help of Heritage Tours, a tour company that specializes in aiding Jewish-Americans retrace their roots in the Old Country. His guide and translator for this trip is Alex Perchov, a Ukrainian of the same age who is utterly enraptured by the American culture that reaching the State’s worshipped shores and becoming an accountant is all he has ever dreamed about. Along with the ride are Alex’s Grandfather, their supposedly blind driver, and his â€Å"seeing-eye bitch† Sammy Davis Junior, Junior. But, Foer, the author, also incorporates a second and third narrative amidst this backdrop of identity-searching. One, told in Jonathan’s voice, tells the story of his Grandfather’s shtetl or town, TrachimBrod, its fabled rise and evident fall during World War II. We can initially perceive the novel as a seeming coming-of-age story that finds its core in the retelling of the happenings of the Holocaust and its evident impact on its Jewish survivors and their kin. But, it also echoes of the capitalist ideologies that define our era and how it has come to mold our youth, as seen through the depiction of Jonathan and Alex. With this in mind, this paper aims to create an understanding of the hegemony within the text through the use of Marxist literary criticism. An Overview of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto At the heart of Marxism lies the struggle between classes, a definitive clash of ideologies brought about by the fight over the right of power. It is primarily a critique of the current Industrial Age society, wherein an apparent discrepancy between the growing bourgeois class and the working class began to be noticeable. Promulgated by Karl Marx in the early nineteenth century, Marxism finds its roots in the analysis of the source of power, the base of power, within a society and how this social class determines the course of production within a society (Marx and Engels 1848). Heralded as the core ideology of Communism, it is a politically-driven social theory that deems to see that the proletariat be considered a class, that the reigning bourgeois be overthrown, and that political power should be reverted to the proletariat (Marx, Engels, and Jones 15). Applied to literature, Marxism becomes a critique of the social structures and the point of authority found in the text, as concocted by the writer’s own perceptions of the history of class within the novel. The Communist â€Å"bible†, Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto, co-written by Frederick Engels, calls the proletariat to arms in what they see as a social revolution unlike any other. They deem that Capitalist rulings of the working class as exploitative, seeing these people merely as dispensable commodity to yield production. They deem the bourgeoisie as state of â€Å"the abolition of individuality and freedom (22). † They narrate series of possible events to the dissolution of the bourgeoisie that would mean the rise of the proletariat and the erasure of any other remnants of the feudalist system (Marx and Engels 17). Over-all, it is deemed that the only answer to a social revolution is the forcible overthrow of the present reigning base of power, the denouncement of past social conditions, and the creation of a strong network of representative that would protect the individual rights of working men and women. A Dichotomy of Roles What makes Foer’s novel a definite stand-out in the literary scene is its experimentation with form and its boundless potentials. For his novel, he follows three narratives as told by the two primary characters of the text, Jonathan and Alex. Placed in the context of Marxism, there is an evident inner struggle between the two characters that is representative of their own social statuses and how they manage to deal with the issues specific to it. According to Marx’s groundbreaking treatise, â€Å"society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx and Engels 9). † Although, most may deem this social division as outdated, it still reveals much about our current social structure that expected. In our globalized view, such structure can now be attributed to cultures dominating over each other, cultures that manipulate the flow of international relations given the power they retain through their economic superiority—a system that Marx had initially suspected. As with today’s society, American culture (though flailing amidst the rise of new economic powers) remains the power base and controls much of the world’s economic activity, and hence, becomes the source of all human institutions and ideologies, or what Marx calls, the superstructure. With this power behind them, the base is able to influence the direction that society is driven to, characterizing each element as they see fit. Evident in the novel is undisputed hegemony of American culture as presented through the character of Alex. Ensnared by the allure of money and progress, Alex is the quintessential American â€Å"wanna be†. He is driven to create an image of himself that is allegedly reminiscent of this culture: a womanizer, an excessive spender, a big talker. Evidence of this fascination with American culture can also be read in page 69 wherein Alex speaks with Jonathan over dinner and bombards him with questions about American life: â€Å"Are there good accounting schools? Are there Negro accountants? How much is the coffee there (Foer 69)? † All the answers elicit an excitement for this prevailing culture, all the more pushing Alex to value it more than he does his own. In a letter to Jonathan written purportedly after the his visit to Ukraine, he mentions that he is saving up to go to the States, and that in order to save money (despite his Father’s belief that he isn’t so), he stays at the beach and just thinks. He thinks that Jonathan is so lucky (52). These ideas of American culture, the American Dream, are in fact disseminated through the film medium as presented in the text when Alex says: â€Å"I dig American movies (2). † It is, in essence, a diluted imagery of what American culture is like as shown through the limited capacity of film. Gone are seemingly politically correct ideologies and from the vantage point of Alex’s restricted viewpoint of American culture we see the flaws of a race and gender divided structure. It is also necessary to note the importance of the Alex’s use of language in the text. His language is a mix of profundity and slang in an attempt to sound as American as possible, but failing miserably to communicate what he actually means in the process. His misconstrued language echoes the attempt of the working class to attain a level of equality with the bourgeois (American culture), but unsuccessfully doing so because the line that separates the two arenas can never be crossed. Alex’s character, in this sense, epitomizes the proletariat desire to obtain an amount of power (how miniscule) it might be from the dominating bourgeois by inculcating themselves within a culture created by the elite. When he took on the role of translate for Jonathan, Alex believed it to be an â€Å"unordinary (Foer 2)† experience. By taking on this Americanized persona, Alex believes he is setting himself apart from a family of three Alex’s, from his own culture. He yearns to â€Å"depart† from his class and seek a brighter one in another. But, I believe, that this is the tragedy of Alex. He deems to create for himself a new personality, an individuality, but through the acceptance of another ideological structure that might even be stronger and far more dangerous than the one he opts to leave behind. This is, as what Marx says, is a sense of false consciousness (Eagleton 103). â€Å"People are conditioned by the material world to accept certain ideas and beliefs as objective fact. They misunderstand their position and the meaning of their position. (Progreba 2). † On the other hand, we see Jonathan who departs from the States and its culture to find his roots in Ukraine. Armed with the picture of his grandfather and the picture of the woman who rescued him, he embarks on a journey to understand his muddled identity. Whereas, Alex looks at the American culture as one that would finally define him, Jonathan temporarily denounces it and searches for it in his history. This is evident in his chronicle of the history of his grandfather’s little village. But, similar to Alex, he finds fascination in a culture other than his own and looks up to it as a medium to understand his own identity. By narrating the events that led to the destruction of the village, from its establishment and his grandfather, Safran’s, rescue from the Nazis, Jonathan communicates with his past and forms a dialogue with it. For both young men, this search for identity traces itself to their yearning to reclaim their place in a society that alienates them. According to Marxist theory, the capitalist society alienates people in three different levels: first, the worker is alienated from what he produces; second, the worker is alienated from himself; and third, the worker is alienated from society. â€Å"The work of the proletarians has lost all their individual character, and consequently all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack that is required of him (Marx and Engels 14). † Jonathan, who has taken a leave of absence from university, finds himself at a loss regarding his future goals in life, some of which are imposed on him by the requirements of his social circle: fame and fortune. By following these, he would have to let go of his roots, of his own identity, and deliver products as what society needs of him. Hence, he finds his travel to Ukraine an opportunity for soul-searching, a method to deliver himself from the constraints of social responsibilities and discover his own potential as a person. When Alex questions Jonathan about his yearnings to be a writer, Jonathan answers him half-heartedly, as if questioning even his own decision to take on this career (Foer 69). But, by the middle of the novel, as implied in one of Alex’s letters to Jonathan, he had gone on back to university to pursue this career, perhaps already with an inkling of his own identity discovered during his visit in Ukraine. Alex, on the other hand, seeks deliverance in American culture. He detests his Father who bullies him and his â€Å"miniature† brother, Little Igor. He yearns to separate himself from this abusive authority and find solace in a culture that is â€Å"free† and â€Å"progressive†. We can view his Father and their travel company in the Marxist context as the Capitalist. Their company, Heritage Tours, having been a family business for three generations ties Alex intensely to the family that he hopes to leave behind. As his mother had said, she is extremely proud that her son had decided to taking the responsibility of acting as a guide for the â€Å"Jewish boy† instead of wallowing around doing nothing and wasting money (Foer 2). Marxist theory also expands on the notion of a â€Å"counter-hegemonic† culture that should be developed in order to retaliate against the prevailing social norms as promulgated by the ruling class. Essentially, the novel revolves around this, as with any text that centers on a search for identity and individuality. Alex and Jonathan both are at war with their societies which is why they seek to find it another, whether in more direct forms (like Jonathan’s) or discreetly (like Alex’s). There remains, in the story of these two individuals, a definite struggle to fight against hegemony and the norm. Conclusion The third narrative, as we have mentioned, are letters from Alex to Jonathan, still written in the same manner as he had spoken to us in his usual narrative. These letters, from mere discussion of their positions in life finally show the kind of relationship these two young men are able to foster. They are the acceptance of their brotherhood amidst the flurry of modern life, amidst the demands of their social classes and their inherent responsibilities. But, most importantly, as the novel proves, it serves as an insight into a quiet counter-revolution that prevails today. Works Cited: Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory. William Clowes Ltd. : Suffolk, Great Britain. 2006 Foer, Jonathan Safran. Everything is Illuminated. Houghton Mifflin Books: New York, New York. 2002 Jones, Gareth Stedman. â€Å"Introduction. † The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books Ltd. : USA, 1967 Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. â€Å"The Communist Manifesto. † Socialist Labor Party of America. 2006. Retrieved from http://www. marxism. net/pdf/marx/comm_man. pdf

Importance of Communication Research

Importance of Communication Research 1.1 Introduction Communication is an important area of study in today’s world. We gather information depending on others to develop relationships. The effectiveness of our communication is related to our capabilities to interpret the world. Communication Research is conducted to clarify the communication process and help us to understand the importance of communication in our everyday life. It guides us to identify and explore many interrelated elements that make the communication process complete, and help us to develop strategies for using communication more effectively and appropriately. The primary purpose of Communication Research is to special search or investigate and help people understand communication phenomena and direct their communication towards accomplishing individual and organizational goals. Communication is not a new area of research. It has been studied for centuries. The earliest study of communication can be traced back to the fifth century B.C., during the classical period of communication inquiry. Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle studied the public-speaking strategies of Greek orators. Later during the Roman empire, statesmen like Cicero and Quintillion studied the role of public communication in Roman society. Communication Research is influenced by two basic scholarly research processes, viz., behaviourism and phenomenology. Behaviourism is based on the belief that objective knowledge is obtained through the careful and systematic observation and measurement of what people do. Behavioural research method relies on operationalism, transforming abstract concept into behaviours that can precisely be quantified. The goal of behavioural research is to identify and test laws that can explain, predict and lead to the control of behaviour. Phenomenology is based on the belief that what people do depends on what they perceive is what goes on in their mind. Phenomenologists thus focus on how internal, psychological meaning guides behaviour. Phenomenological methods of research rely on discovering how individuals construct meaning and believing that objective observation is not sufficient. The goal of Phenomenological research is to describe how people understand their lived experience. Both behaviourism and phenomenology form the study of communication. Communication certainly is a behaviour that can be studied using behavioural methods in an individualistic or an integrated manner. 1.2  Role of Communication Research The use of a scientific reason for the establishment of speech as a separate department had important implications for the growth of Communication Research. Speech scientists pursue the more recognized human sciences, such as Psychology and Sociology, which had follow such physical sciences as Biology and Physics. Speech scientists take up their research methodologies, as well as many interdisciplinary concepts and perspectives for studying communication phenomena, from the physical and other human sciences. Communication Research has widen its traditional focus on presentational communication, to exploring such communication events and processes as the relationship between communication and attitude formation; communication and relationship development, communication and group decision making, and communication flow within organizations. This broadening of communication research led to changing the name of the professional association from the National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking to the Speech Association of America and, more recently, to the Speech Communication Association. The human scientific perspective of speech expanded from focusing on the areas of public speaking and rhetoric to exploring the broader study of communication in all walks of life. 1.3 Need for Communication Research Communication Research is conducted to help people understand complex and challenging communication phenomena as well as the mundane and apparently simple everyday routines like ordinary conversation. Many areas of communication research demonstrate the complex, multifaceted nature of communication. Further, the centrality of communication in modern life makes knowledge about communication processes crucially important. Systematic and rigorous research means that researchers study worthwhile topics, ask relevant questions, build on previous theory and research, design and conduct careful research, analyze data appropriately, and discuss the significance of the findings. Systematic communication inquiry adds to the body of communication knowledge by providing meaningful descriptions and trustworthy explanations about complex communication phenomena. Research about communication is thus needed for two reasons: to extend the growth of the Communication discipline and to apply what we know. 1.4 Scope of Communication Research Communication Research undertakes the scientific study of communication process. Being scientific it is objective and deterministic. It is interdisciplinary in nature as it borrows heavily both in terms of theory and methods from social and other sciences. In essence it involves application of social behavioural and scientific method to the study of communication issues and problems. It has got a wide scope because it helps in building relations which eventually leads us to the process and path of progress development, otherwise we will be self centered, self contained which will ultimately lead us nowhere. The exchange of idea motivates us to brainstorm, leading to research in related aspect. 1.4.1 Message Analysis: A message is not only about the advertising slogan or a marketing line; a message is an easy and clear idea that describes about the entire project as a whole. It should function as a guiding standard for every type of communications, from the contents of leaflets, brochures and websites and also for media interviews or conversations with important people. The main point is that messages must be simple and steady across all kinds of communications. Without clear and simple messages, a communication agenda requires clarity and focus and hence the agenda is at risk of becoming weak. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Analyzing Messages provides a complete and easy guide to carry out content analysis research. It set up a formal definition of quantitative content analysis; which provides gradual instructions on designing a content analysis study; and explores in depth research questions that recur in content analysis, in areas of measurement, sampling, reliability, data analysis, validity, and technology. 1.4.2  Channel Analysis: A channel analysis is an evaluation of how and where a product should be sold. It starts with an assessment of the options for getting a specific product or service into the hands of the end user. 1.4.3  Audience Analysis: Audience analysis is about gathering and analysing information about the receivers of oral, written, or visual communication. There are many methods that a communication researcher can use to conduct the analysis. Because the task of completing an audience analysis is huge, therefore using a multi-pronged approach to conduct the analysis is recommended by most of the researchers, often resulting in improved precision and efficiency. Michael Albers suggests that, â€Å"An analysis uses several independent dimensions that work together, such as readers’ knowledge of the topic and readers cognitive ability.† 1.5 Stages of Communication Research The communication research process can be divided into five interrelated phases of research activity: 1.5.1  Conceptualization: Conceptualization is the first phase of communication research. In this phase the researcher invites formulation of an idea about what needs to be studied. The researcher begins communication inquiry by engaging in such conceptualizing activities as identifying a topic worth studying, defining the primary concepts relevant to the topic and reviewing the literature to learn what is already known about the topic, and phrasing the topic as a formal research problem. 1.5.2  Planning and Designing: Moving from the conceptualization stage to planning and to designing research demands that the researcher transforms abstract concepts into operational or measurable terms. Operationalization involves determining the observable attributes, or characteristics of the concepts of interest. In this stage researcher must develop strategies for measuring those observable concepts. Communication researchers usually rely on three general techniques for measuring research concepts: questionnaire, interviews and observations. These three measurement techniques produce different types of information. Planning and designing communication research involves number of ethical decisions. Ethics affects each stage of the research process: how researcher chooses the research topic and frames questions; how the literature is reviewed and how research is designed and conducted; how the data is analyzed and how the findings are interpreted and used. 1.5.3  Methodology: Once the topic has been chosen and the research questions have been determined and the review of literature has been conducted and research has been designed, then the researchers are ready to conduct their studies. Conducting research carefully demands understanding and adhering to the specific assumption and requirements of the methodology chosen. These methods guide the researchers to what evidence to look for and how to look for it. 1.5.4  Analyzing and Interpreting Data: Once data or evidence has been gathered through the use of the methodology, it needs to be analyzed and interpreted. For methods like experimental, survey and sometimes textual analysis it means processing quantitative data through the use of appropriate statistical procedures. 1.5.5  Reconceptualizing: In this stage the researcher rethinks on the topic of enquiry. As a result of the systematic process associated with conceptualization, planning and designing of research, using methodology to conduct research, and analyzing the data acquired through research. Once data has been collected and analyzed, the findings need to be interpretated within the broader context of the research process. Reconceptualization involves explaining the significance of the findings. In this stage the researcher explains how the findings answer the research questions posed, and confirm or disconfirm the predictions made and, support or refute previous theory and research. Researchers are also able to identify the problem with the research and how these problems may limit the validity and usage of the findings. 1.6  Implications in Research Communication research studies the message behaviour which leads to the following important implications in conduct of communication research: Communication researchers realize that it is just as important to examine meanings attributed to messages as it is to study the nature of the message themselves. Studying the meaning is often necessary so that communication researchers use self-report measures. Communication researchers must select particular communication variables that they wish to examine, since they cannot possibly explore all pertinent elements of any communication event. They are aware, of multifaceted nature of communication and the fact that their research temporarily frames communication behaviour. Acknowledging the nature of communication encourages communication researchers to engage in longitudinal research rather than cross sectional research. Traditionally communication researchers have focused on messages intentionally designed. Some however also assess how people construct internal messages about others unintentional behaviour thereby rendering it communicative. Communication researchers recognize that although verbal and non-verbal message systems may be studied separately however both these message systems are interdependent. Non-verbal cues always accompany and influence the interpretation of verbal messages. Because of connotative characteristic of language, communication researchers usually develop questionnaires and interview guides that carefully avoid using ambiguous terms or term that have strong distracting implications for certain respondents. Because of the differences in the way individuals understand message and create meaning of the messages, communication researchers take great care when generalizing findings from one set of persons to another. Communication researchers realize that although the content and relationship dimensions of message may be studied separately, in practice they interact to influence message exchange and personal relationships. Communication researchers consider the effects of the context in communication. They recognize the ‘embedded’ nature of communication where different social rules apply in different environments. In the final analysis, communication is not just one thing. It is a complex process by which people manage messages and create messages. ________________________________________________________________________________ Self-Check Questions â€Å"Communication Research has got a wide scope because it helps in building relations which eventually leads us to the process and path of progress development.† Is the statement true or false? In ______________________ stage, the researcher rethinks on the topic of enquiry as a result of the systematic process associated with conceptualization. ________________________ is the first phase of communication research. In this phase the researcher invites formulation of an idea about what needs to be studied. ________________________________________________________________________________ 1.7 Summing Up The lesson elucidated the importance of Communication Research. It discussed the role, need and scope of Communication Research. It also discussed various stages of Communication Research. 1.8 Assignments Class Assignments What are the stages of Communication Research? Comment on the scope of Communication Research. Home Assignments What is the need of Communication Research? Comment on the role of Communication Research. Possible answers to Self-Check questions True Reconceptualization Conceptualization Terminal Questions Comment on the role, need and scope of Communication Research. Describe the implications of Communication Research. 1.11  Suggested Further Readings 1. C.R. Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Vishwa Parkashan, New Delhi 2. S.R. Sharma Anil Chaturvedi, Research in Mass Media, Radha Publications, New Delhi 3. G.R. Basotia K.K. Sharma, Research Methodology, Mangal Deep Publications 1.12  Keywords Interdisciplinary: Relating to more than one branch of knowledge. Systematic: Done or acting according to a fixed plan or system; methodical. Conceptualization: Inventing or contriving an idea or explanation and formulating it mentally. Methodology: A system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.