Conservatism in America

Conservatives in the United States of America have made a great contribution to the politics since the end of the Second World War. Gregory Schneider identified the following features belonging to conservatives, â€Å"respect for tradition, republicanism support, Christian religion and the upholding of the rule of law† (Schneider 19).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Conservatism in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are social conservatives and liberal conservatives as well. Conservatives have a firm admiration for the founding fathers of the nation. Most conservatives are for the status quo and against any form of revolutionary change. It has been noted that the American Revolution disrupted all the forms of conservative links and regimes (Schneider 19). Hartz attempted to provide a practical explanation for the liberal tradition of America by relating it to the history of the Europeans. This relation, according to him, primarily relied on the absence of feudalism in the United States of America and secondarily on critical influence of European ideas, particularly those of John Locke. Hartz revealed a great deal about the current state of the liberal American tradition and customs that America could give rise to the concept of liberal society. He saw a liberal tradition as a central one to the American experience home and abroad. Hartz’s liberal tradition in America has continued to influence how Americans think about their history and traditions. The conservatives and the radicals have embraced Hartz’s analysis to support their devotion to defense of property rights and individualism. The liberal tradition in the United States of America is a historical document that is inadequate in analysis because it is too static and flat. Hartz dwelt much on the matters of psychology and democracy and ignored the roles played by ethnicity, race, religion and demo cracy in the history of America. Hartz’s thesis was considered a single-factor analysis characterized by two dimensions, namely: ,the presence of a liberal idea and the absence of feudalism (Kloppenberg 460). Hartz’s thesis argued that since the US had been found, it remained inherently liberal. This thesis was the subject of various criticism, debate and controversies. Some scholars argued that this thesis was unable to explain the politics of exclusion, but it captured the real political identity of America.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his argument, Hartz posited that American politics was shaped by distinct social and political theoriesy that were devoid of feudalism and monolithic creed emanating from history. The thesis provided explanations for various social and political outcomes in the US like the failure of socialism, the rise and fall of M cCarthyism and the absence of European-like welfare states (Stears 2). Hartz was a consensus theorist because of his argument that American ideas were influenced by the colonialists who were motivated by political principles. Consensus theorists’ argument was centered on Lockean liberalism, which argued that the founding generation of Americans had been motivated by the primacy of the government’s role in protecting them and their natural rights. Hartz agreed to the argument that Lockean ideas dominated the American political thoughts. Hartz found that political conflict with the colonialists as unproductive since it was not motivated by direct engagement with the core principles of their competitors, and he concluded that as long as the liberals did not renounce capitalism, and the conservatives did not renounce equality, the alternatives that they articulated would collapse (Teles and Glenn 351). The relationship between the ideas of Crick and Hartz was that Crick fo llowed Hartz’ ideas in the absence of class and ideological conflict. Fundamental agreement on values was an important symptom and cause of the principle agreement on the primary political values that re-linked with liberalism hegemony. Both scholars were in the same vein of argument since they both argued that American conservatism was romantic though politically ineffective, and hence it was considered to be un-American. According to Crick, the development of conservatism was considered to be one of the great post war developments in the United States of America. He posited that conservatism was a respectable social and political philosophy. On American conservatism, Crick argued that there was a confusion between conservatism and traditionalism; this confusion was only realized in the United States of America, and he attributed it to conservatives like Russell Kirk (Aughey, Greta and Riches 5). Other prominent conservatives in the United States of America were Strauss, Hal lowell, Voeglin and Hayek.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Conservatism in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Voeglin who provided answers to philosophical questions while Strauss preferred to be considered an academic conservative who could enhance the ability of students to critically think. Hayek utilized the label Old Whig to define individual freedom against the policies that were supported by the liberals. Though Hallowell referred to himself as a conservative, he did not want to be associated with the movement (Schneider 6). Federalist can rely on a document considered as a product of minority views, which were reconciled. It treated the constitution as a document that forced all the people to be under law. Carey argued that conservatism provided no support for establishing the individual rights that were advocated by the modern liberals. The federalists reasoned deliberations and recognized hi gher sources of law founded on the power of the legislature. I agree that the federalist document is not considered a conservative one because it formed a basis for a democratic government, and the conservatives do not subscribe to the tenets of democracy. To the conservatives, the federalism did not embody the character of American because the last is to guarantee the citizens their rights and offer modalities of power distribution. Unlike Cray who argued that the federalist document was the principal document that dictated and directed how the society was to be governed, Hartz argued that the constitution did not guarantee minority rights in any liberal society, but it was the dynamic of ideas. Federalists were committed to preservation of civil liberties, and they upheld the traditional opinions that had been adjusted to the American nature. In his argument, William Buckley was considered as a galvanizing force of the American conservative movement. Kendall in his turn defined cl assification as one of the conservative thinkers. Kendall argued that there should have been decentralization of power in the society; conservatives agreed that power had to be dispersed from the centre. He argued that power was not to be concentrated in hands of the federal government, but the local government was to be granted a high degree of autonomy. That implied that the amount of power wielded by the government was to be circumscribed and shared by many people.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conservatism in the USA had not manifested itself until 1790 when there was a revival of public consciousness and increase in the number of people opposing the forces of conservatism. In the United States, the American Revolution was considered to be stir up by the conservatives. Edmund Burke is meant to be the founder of conservatism. President Reagan utilized his views and was among the presidents who solidified their political support by supporting the conservatives and demanding for their wishes. Reagan was considered to be the conservative standard of economic, foreign and social policies. This gave place to the coining of the historical phrase Reagan era. Russell Kirk was the most vocal opponent to liberalism. He argued that both modern and classical liberalism theories focused a lot of attention on financial matters and consequently ended up failing to meet the human desires. Kirk was against libertarian ideas because he considered them a threat to conservatism (Schneider 4). The views of Kirk and Weaver, who stood in the ranks of the traditional conservatives, were considered moral transcendence and a form of natural law that was advocated by minority of conservatives in the United States of America. Traditional and neoconservative opinions varied based on ultimate principles. Meyer was considered as one of the prominent conservatism fusionists who thought that neo- and paleo-conservative positions could be reconciled. This was because according to him, they shared common assumptions, particularly about human dignity and the inherent importance of an individual and the significance of virtue, order and value which he argued were much geared towards placing a limitation to the power of the state. The two opinions from the two schools of thought were on collision regarding the choice between stressing freedom over the need for order and justice in the society. The effort to unify the two positions was made difficult by the emergence of mass men who lacke d strong communal organizations and families (Schneider 4). Neo-conservatives supported an assertive and interventionist foreign policy as long as its intention was to promote democracy and American values abroad. Dick Cheney, Robert Kagan and Bill Kristol were among the prominent neo-conservatives and directly linked to foreign policies of the Bush era. Paleo-conservatism developed during the 1980s as a reaction to neo-conservatism. It placed a lot of emphasis on tradition, particularly religious or rather Christian tradition and the importance of the society and family. Its key proponents like Huntington Samuel argued that a society that was multiethnic or multiracial was not stable. Paleo-conservative supporters were isolationists and wary of foreign influence (Farmer 3). The variation in American conservatism was brought to prominence during the rule of President George Bush. It was considered to be a perspective or a persuasion and not a movement. Neo-conservatism denoted the r eaction against the champions of village welfare, idealist foreign policies, affirmative action and radical liberationist values. Irving Kristol was the godfather of the neo-conservatism and argued that patriotism was health and natural sentiment that was to be encouraged and promoted in America because the USA was a home to immigrants, thus that issue was to be the greatest sentiment. Neo-conservatives were wary of international organizations that would cause the creation of the world government and to them, it would result in tyranny. They argued that Americans were to be ready to defend any democratic nation that would be attacked by an undemocratic one. Traditional conservatives, on the other hand, claimed that that perspective by neo-conservatives was imprudent while the laissez-faire considered that argument as militarism. Laissez-faire applied the standards of natural law to the social issues while the libertarianism utilized laissez-faire in all the issues. Traditional conse rvatives considered freedom distorted and burdensome. They argued that the authority of the ancestral institutions was to be protected. Furthermore, according to them, the rule of law was to be employed in the protection of liberties and fostering rational choices; individuals were to be considered and taken care of in the social context. During the period of the Cold War, the conservatives were kept intact because of the anti-communism sentiments; this was because they were championing in the Cold War since they were against any intrusion or humiliation of the United States of America (Deutsch and Fishman 11). American conservatism affirmed that God and capitalism were inherent values in the American society just as social stability and economic ferment. Religion resonated with the values of the Protestant ethics in the culture of America, which considered the pursuit for wealth sanctioned and inspired. The tension between the Christian societies made the conservatives affirm that it was a process of symbolic differentiation that characterized the American colonial experience. During the period of the 1950s, conservatives placed a lot of emphasis on the roots of Judeo-Christian; in this regard, they considered the projection of a man as a consuming and producing animal. During his rule, Ronald Reagan stressed Judeo-Christian values as the much-needed ingredients in fighting communism, Belief in the superiority of Western Judeo-Christian traditions led conservatives to downplay the aspirations of Third World and to denigrate the value of foreign aid. Since the 1990s, the phrase â€Å"Judeo-Christian† has been primarily used by conservatives. Evangelicals had been politicized in the 1920s, battling to impose prohibition and to stop the teaching of evolution in the schools (as in the Scopes Trial of 1925), but had largely been political. The emergence of the â€Å"religious right† as a political force and part of the conservative coalition dates fr om the 1970s and was a response to secularization and Supreme Court rulings on school prayers. (Deutsch and Fishman 11) I agree with Abbott’s argument. This is because all the arguments on liberalism and tendencies concerning liberal views were analyzed in a paradoxical and confused state. Political theorists reflected the difficulty of defining liberalism in a manner that its relevance was not to be established or inadequate. Philosophers only speculated on such issues as religion, economics, family and foreign policy and other changes in liberal ideas, but none of the theorists sought to define the purpose and the direction of American liberalism, and only through the arguments and the opinions of Hartz, the American liberalism can be renewed, and the entire history of America can be explained through symbols and cadences of Hartz (Abbott and Levy 3). Conclusion Conservatives are interested in the perpetuation of the status quo. Though they believe that change is possible, they strongly argue that it should happen gradually. They are opposed to radical changes in the society and view radicalism as disorderly in the society. According to them, change should be supported by the existing customs and institutions. Conservatives are skeptical about any society that is devoid of order and justice or the one that lacks constraints; conservatives clash with liberals on matters of expansion of human rights and the usefulness of societal institutions. Works Cited Abbott, Philip, and Levy Michael. The Liberal Future in America: Essays in Renewal. Westport, NY: Greenwood Press, 1985. Print. Aughey, Arthur, Greta Jones, and Riches William. Conservatism in Britain and America. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992. Print. Deutsch, Kenneth, and Fishman Ethan. The Dilemmas of American Conservatism. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010. Print. Farmer, Brian. American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholar s Press, 2005. Print. Kloppenberg, James. â€Å"In Retrospect: Louis Hartz’s: The Liberal Tradition in America.† Reviews in American History 29.3 (2001): 460-478. Print. Schneider, Gregory. Conservatism in America since 1930: A Reader. New York, NY: New York Univ. Press, 2003. Print. Stears, Marc. â€Å"The liberal tradition revisited.† Wisconsin University, n.d. Web. Teles, Steven, and Glenn Brian. Conservatism and American Political Development. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. This term paper on Conservatism in America was written and submitted by user Annika Garcia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Birth of a Nation essays

A Birth of a Nation essays Birth of a Nation is the single most important and key film of all time - it contains many new cinematic innovations and refinements, technical effects and artistic advancements, including a color sequence at the end. It became a formative influence on future films and has had a recognized impact on film history and the development of film as art. In addition, at almost three hours in length, it was the longest film to date. Its pioneering technical work includes: the special use of subtitles graphically verbalizing imagery, the introduction of night photography, the use of outdoor natural landscapes as backgrounds, the definitive usage of the still-shot, the technique of the camera "iris" effect (expanding or contracting circular masks to either reveal and open up a scene, or close down and conceal a part of an image, moving, panning camera tracking shots, the use of total-screen close-ups to reveal intimate expressions, the use of vignettes seen in or iris-shots in one portion of a darkened screen, high-angle shots and the abundant use of panoramic long shots, the dramatization of history in a moving story, an example of an early spectacle or epic film with historical costuming, staged battle scenes with hundreds of extras, extensive cross-cutting between two scenes to create excitement and suspense, and the cumulative building of the film to a dramatic climax. Many of these techniques are now standard features of films, but they were first used in this film. However, it still provokes conflicting views about its message. First off, there are questions about whether or not the government should give funding to preserve this film. Next, because the film is explicitly racist and is used for Ku Klux Klan recruitment one must question whether the film is suitable for today's society. The government should give funding for this film to be preserved. It is a piece of history in two senses, one, ...

Retail industry of UK has been one of the most growing industries over Dissertation

Retail industry of UK has been one of the most growing industries over the years - Dissertation Example Introduction: 17 3.2. Research Purpose: 17 3.3. Research Strategy and Method: 18 3.4. Research Design: 19 3.5. Data Collection: 19 3.6. Methods and Tools used for Collecting Data: 20 3.7. Analysis Techniques: 20 3.8. Validity and Reliability of the Research: 25 3.9. Ethical Considerations: 26 3.10. Summary: 26 4. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 27 4.1. Introduction 27 4.2. Financial ratios 27 4.2.1. Profitability Ratios 28 4.2.2. Liquidity Ratios 39 4.2.3. Activity Ratios or Efficiency Ratios 47 4.2.4. Leverage Ratios 51 4.2.5. Market Ratios 57 5. CONCLUSION 63 5.1. Summary of the findings 63 5.2. Recommendations 65 5.3. Lessons learnt from the study 66 5.4. Limitations 67 5.5. Further research 67 1. introduction 1.1. Background Of The Study Retail industry of UK has been one of the most growing industries over the years, specifically the food retail industry. Because of recession, the overall world economy was not growing despite of that, food retail industry has been one of the industries wh ich reported considerable amount of growth. The food retail industry of UK has a long and solid history. During the fifties and sixties the concept of supermarkets and self service shops became popular; this has been marked as the starting of retail industry in the United Kingdom (Hamlett, Alexander, Bailey, & Shaw, 2008). Despite of the fact that the UK economy was going through recession, the overall sales of the industry had increased in 2009 as it reached a figure of over ?285billion. It has been estimated that this figure will further increase in the years to come. Also with the world economy and UK economy recovers itself from recession, retail industry would be one of the most beneficial industries as this would further increase the total revenue of the firms in the industry (The Scottish Government, 2010). By the end of 2010, the total retail units in the kingdom were approximately 286,000 (Arch, 2010). The food retail industry is an important industry for the UK economy as over the years it has been able to contribute a lot to GDP of the country. In addition to this, food retail industry is a significant one for United Kingdom economy as it has been able to consume considerable portion of the employment. According to a report, there are more than half a million people working in the industry representing almost 13% of the total workforce of United Kingdom. Food retail industry consumed more than 12,750 permanent jobs throughout 2010 which represents an annual growth of 2.1% in the jobs of food retail industry from the year 2009 (The Scottish Government, 2010). There has been an increasing trend of online shopping for people in the UK and this has attracted more people to start online businesses. There are more than 150,000 online retail businesses in United Kingdom and more than 600,000 people are employed because of e-retail industry either directly or indirectly. At present, the online retail business contributes only 7% of the total retail industry revenues (Experian Hitwise, 2008), however it has been predicted that the contribution from online business would further improve with the passage of time. The total sales of online retail industry equalled ?2.8 billion from December, 2009 to December, 2010 i.e. in a year the total sales of the industry was equal to ?2.8 billion (Internet Retailer, 2011). Tesco is the market leader in the UK food retail industry for years and it has been dominating the market with market share of almost 31% (Tesco, 2011). Tesco is

Charles Dickens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Charles Dickens - Essay Example However, the violence, human feelings and moral questions on the issue that Dickens raised cannot be questioned. French revolution, indeed, is an integral and significant part of history. It had its impacts on the minds and actions of people which cannot be denied. In that, Dickens concerns were true and honest. The events that the novel describes are beautifully and realistically portrayed. The novel makes the reader ‘live’ that age and understand the events of that period. Critics believe that Dickens was in favor of revolutionaries without paying much attention to the middle class social group of the 18th century and their contributions to the French revolution. T.A. Jackson (1930) suggests that the representation of Dickens is in support of the violent acts, cruel manners and vengeance to answer the feelings of domination that revolutionaries had. However, others view violence and revenge as a means of portraying the negativity of violent acts and the horrors of reve nge on the society, people and the involved parties themselves. Dickens depicts violence and revenge as the beginning of another violent and brutal disagreement rather than the end of the enmity that existed between two groups, a tale of two cities is analyzed to affirm Dickens’s firm believe on this notion . Annotated Bibliography Glancy, R. F.

Perspectives on Adult Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Perspectives on Adult Learning - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  race and ethnicity were largely ignored in most of the literature despite its increasing significance during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. On the contrary the racial and ethnic minorities continued to be largely ignored through laws that essentially aimed at desecration of public schools as well as other public institutions that offered adult education. Historically education in the North American and European states have focused on offering education and developing learning modules with key emphasis on the majority adult learners that comprised of white population, while ignoring the other races. Such blatant discrimination and colorblind attitude toward adult education and learning has been deeply embedded in the social structure of the Western world.This discussion declares that  the adult learning modules began incorporating crucial issues aimed at the growing multicultural population thus indicating its acceptance and ackno wledgment of the growing diversity and the need for inclusive education. Since the concept of multiculturalism entailed and presupposed the domination of one particular race, in case of the Western world - the majority White population; the key aim of the post globalization adult education system was to include the beliefs, perspectives and cultural context of the racial minorities and ethnically diverse population.

Matalan Architecture and Infrastructural Investigation

Matalan Architecture and Infrastructural Investigation Introduction to my Organisation BLAG I chose Matalan as my organisation to undertake my report on as it was the most convenient option since I work there part time and have worked with a lot of the systems they use currently. Matalan is a well-established fashion retailer based in knowsley and has over 200 stores across the U.K (Advameg, 2017). I decided to concentrate on a single store rather than the whole business as it would be too complex and be hard to gather all the information due to the wide scale of the company and this branch is called Matalan Sefton an is located on switch island retail park which is one of the first original stores to open in the company. I decided that the store was suitable store to use with the use of various technology used and the architecture and infrastructural system suggests that there was more than enough information that could be gathered in order to write an in depth report on. Collection of information Before I started any writing of the report I made sure had permission to discuss Matalans information and explained it was for not non-profession use. I originally asked my manager which she agreed to participate. However, as Matalan are a nationwide company a lot of their IT is out sourced and the manager gave me the number of the IT department. I rang explained the situation and organised a meeting at their head office in Knowsley lucky enough this is not too far away. I made a questionnaire and brought this to the meeting where I typed the answers and the information can be found in appendix. I also discussed the stores information system infrastructure and was shown the companies system model however I had to create my own version of this and this can be found in the appendix 2. During the process of the report I was in constant contact with my manager using verbal communication and any questions I needed to ask was solved by him this was particular useful for the type of hardwar e the store had as the meeting with head office was a brief overview of all the companies stores an werent specific. Report Findings The information gathered in this part is taken from appendixes 1, 2 3.1 Hardware Software The store has company standard three HP desktop PCs all have windows 10 implemented to be able to run the latest software to manage the store. Two of the desktops are located in the back office which are connected to the fax machine and printer. Another desktop PC is situated at the customer services help desk which is the most up to date out of them all due to the refurbishment of the store they decided to replace the old PC. This desktop PC is HP Pavilion 23 q141in N4R49AA Desktop PC with processor Speed of 2.2 GHz with 8GB of RAM this machine is used at the customer service desk and is used to search for delivers and return PayPal orders. The other latest Desktop PC is HP Pavilion p6-2014 Desktop PC Product with processor speed of 2.1 GHz and 8 GB of RAM this is used for the overall management of the store and this is connected to the fax machine HP 2140 Fax. The oldest is HP Pavilion p6112p Desktop PC with 8 GB RAM and 1TB hard drive and this desktop is connected to the HP LaserJ et P2035 mono printer which is a quite old machine in comparison with the rest of the hardware this is due the lack of use. On these Desktop PCs office 365 business is installed and is used to communicate by email, store data in the cloud and use the software available such as word, PowerPoint. Matalan use HP desktops as they have a good reputation for lasting long and have a few years warranty and have the necessary platforms them to run various software. The store also has three IP Phone devices all the same model called MiVoice 5330e which is used to exchange calls, voicemails and allow to hold the call. Matalan current use POS system called torex retail j this services allows the store to monitor transactions and stock levels, reports, manages the rota and manage the overall running of the store ect. (POSmatic Software, 2017) suggests that Point of Sale system is a connection with the hardware and software for checkoutsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ where individuals transport and place the items or products they have chosen to purchase from the locationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ so that credit card processing could be more easily and securely integrated. This system saves the company time as doing it manual would take time. The system also captures details of the customers and stores them on their Matalan card and on the database, it shows what the customer has purchased on the card. For the till points Matalan also used the software peninsula for their barcodes and have installed their peninsula barcode scanners called Phoenix II on each till point to scan the barcodes of products and any promotion codes that is valid. This software stores all the current barcodes for all the products in the system with the price and recognised them once scanned. Another software Matalan uses is Numero which is used to create reports on the performance level of the store and recognize different trends in the sales. For example, it will record hourly and daily totals then create graphs where you can compare the figures to different times for instances what was the sales total for this day 1 year ago and compare whether the business is up or down. These reports are useful for head office as it allows them to compare all 217 stores and gives them an idea which ones need to improve. Matalan also uses Remote Pensoft to which is a payroll system that hosts the payrolls then Matalan can gain access to the system and processes the payroll. The system calculations the taxes for each individual from their national insurance number. 3.2 Operating systems FINISH TONIGHT According to (Capron, Mitchell, Swaminathan, 2001) An operating system is a set of programs that lies between applications software and computer hardware; it is the fundamental software that controls access to all other software and hardware resources. Matalan use several computer systems as stated previous they use windows 10 on all desktop PCs as it run the necessary software the store needs to be able to run it successfully without any major problems. They also use this the manufacturer as they offer a graduate for all the product if something goes wrong. Matalan use torex retail j as their POS system to operating the till system and have had this system since 2013 and has served them well with not too many problems and if there is there is an on-call technician to combat any issues. 3.3 Networking Facilities (Englander Engl, 2014) indicated that networking is an essential component of modern technology infrastructure, providing the ability to interconnect devices to make it possible to share resources and services, to share and exchange data and knowledge and, even communicate. Matalan networking facilities is network connected online to the store server which is then permanently connected through the Ethernet to the head office. Matalan network exchanges real time information from head office to the back-office system vice versa to maintain information for every single transaction processed, to be able to check current stock, check delivery date, and to able to keep up with the latest promotions across Matalan. This network is suitable for a huge company like Matalan which is important to have a good infrastructure as it connects all the stores to one place to distribute data and communicate fast. 3.4 Security issues FINISH TONIGHT 3.5 Legal Ethical Requirements BLAG Data protection pci compliance It code of conduct As a company Matalan, must follow certain legislations with the importantly of the data they handle with certain penalties against the business if found not to be following. The company must follow the PCI compliance which (ControlScan, 2017) states is a set of security standards designed to ensure that ALL companies that accept, process, store or transmit credit card information maintain a secure environment. Matalan must be follow this compliance within all their stores as they are held liable if the business fails to follow the strict legislation and would result in the company being fined or sanctioned. Matalan lack of security would damage the customers trust in the business however Matalan currently have a strong security defend. The security solution has been invested in which is normally is issue when stores fail to follow due to the lack of budget. As Matalan store and use data they must follow the Data Protection Act which protects information held about people from being misused. According to Copyright, 2017, the Data Protection Act the information being stored must be: Obtained fairly and lawfully Used only for the purposes stated during collection Adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the intended use Accurate and up to date Not kept for longer than necessary Processed in line with your rights Subject to procedures to prevent unlawful processing, accidental loss, destruction and damage to personal data Protected from transfer to an area outside the European Economic Area (EEA) unless adequate protection exists for that data 3.6 Key Areas The Key areas for the Matalan is their head office department this is where the server replies on its network. I found this out first hand as a couple of months ago I was working on the tills the whole network went down which affected the chip and pin machines and this lead to the whole companies stores not being able to process no transactions with cards. The stores only back up were to use the old manual card imprinters which is not a very effective way to trade as it was time consuming. This highlights the importantly of computer systems for organisations as they are heavily reliant on them and wouldnt be able to cope with the demand. Systems Diagram Matalan current system infrastructure works effectively as it is simple and has good connectivity. However, I think the currently system should a back-up server in case anything goes wrong. This could be a network outside the company and in an emergency, there is that network to back it up which would decrease the chances of loss of earnings due to not being to complete sales. Strengths Weaknesses of the Organisations Computer Systems FINISH TINIGHT Technological Strategies FINISH TINIGHT New Emerging Technologies When we discussed new technology, we looked at rival retailers and what they had implemented. With most of the big companies have starting to use E receipts which is an electronic receipt that emailed to the costumer once they have they purchased items. This is beneficial to not only the customer but the store itself as it saves money on printing and paper cost. It also allows Matalan to market to customers and for the customer they are less likely to lose their receipts. Contactless is the latest technology hitting the high-street shops as it makes purchasing goods a lot easier and make transactions faster however Matalan havent yet implemented it into their stores but the manager stated that there has been talk of installing it this year across all store. A similar technology that could help the company sales is Apple/Android pay which is a digital wallet allowing safe payment by phone with finger print technology. This could increase sales as if the customer hasnt got any cash/card on them they could still purchase items and follows the same benefits as contactless. Matalan have a customer card system which the customer details are on the card allowing Matalan to market to the customer through email and send promotions. They have recently brought of a smartphone app called Matalan Reward Card App to replace the card, this has helped to promote offers by having the reward card on the app allowing the customer to see if they have any vouchers, alert customer if sale and update on the latest offers. Another form of technology Matalan could introduce to store is IPad and installed them to be able to order items into store for example large items like furniture as they only sell these on the website. References Advameg. (2017). Matalan PLC company profile, information, business description, history, background information on Matalan PLC. Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/14/Matalan-PLC.html Capron, L., Mitchell, W., Swaminathan, A. (2001). Asset divestiture following horizontal acquisitions: A dynamic view. Strategic Management Journal, 22(9) Copyright. (2017, February 1). Data protection principles. Retrieved from https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/data-protection-principles/ Englander, I., Engl, I. (2014). The architecture of computer hardware, systems software, networking: An information technology approach (5th ed.). United States: John Wiley Sons. POSmatic, I., Software, P. (2017). Point of sale (POS). Retrieved from http://www.posmatic.com/point-of-sale/what-is-point-of-sale.php http://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/LAN-Diagrams Appendices Appendix A Questionaire Matalan Questionnaire: What Hardware is available for the store? Including any specialised resources? 3 desktops Printer Fax machine What software is available for the store to use? Retail j Retail manager Numero software peninsula software Remote Pensoft- payroll Windows pro Webmail Are there any strategies for commissioning or developing new hardware or software resources? contactless What Operating System(s) is available for the store to use? Retail java pen Why is this operating system chosen to be used in store? What networking facilities does the store have? Are there any security issues on the network? What security features do you have in place to prevent security issues? Are there any new technologies helping to benefit the store? What are the legal/ethical requirements for the store? Data protection PCI compliance It code of conduct 10. How does Matalan benefit from utilising computer systems? Help trade Quicker Productivity increase Increase sales Management Appendix B Hardware Specifications

Lies and Deceit in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Lies and Deceit in The Great Gatsby In the world people try to hide things from each other but one way or another they find out what they are hiding. In the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the secrecy and deceit practiced by Jay, Daisy, and Myrtle leads to inevitable tragedy when the truths are revealed. Jay failed to realize that if you tell a lie most of the time they tend to come to a boil and burst. For example, "My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western city for three generations."....pg.2 why did he have to lie when he knew that if they really got to know him they would find out the truth. Jay gave everyone the impression that he was this kind of rich-snobbish guy. Who knows why. It is not always good to lie. In Jay's case when it came down to them finding out the truth they didn't know whether he was telling the truth or lying. So it was hard for them to believe what he was saying. Daisy was another who would lie because she thought it would keep happiness. The way she lied was different from Jay. She lied to keep the person she thought was the love of her life, Tom happy. Daisy's relationship with TOm was quite unusual. Tom was having an affair with Myrtle and Daisy really wanted to be with Tom, but not really because she only did it because she thought she had to. Daisy was really in love with Jay but because she felt like she had to be in love with Tom she would make up lies to keep them together. Tom pretty much felt the same way or he thought Daisy really liked him so he didn't want to break her heart. But for them it didn't really work out well. If they would of told each other their feelings and wouldn't of held them back from each other they could of discussed their personnal situations and they might of had a nice seperation. But since they chose to keep things back from each other and lie to each other everything went terrible. For instance when the story about Jay and

Five Traits Essay

1.Define and discuss the importance of the following traits associated with leaders: intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. Is this list all inclusive? a.Intelligence: Having a strong verbal ability, perceptual ability, and reasoning abilities; Leaders intellectual abilities, however, should not differ too much from their subordinates; Intelligence is also defined as a trait that significantly contributes to a leader’s acquisition of complex problem-solving skills and social judgement skills; Intelligent leaders have the ability to consider every situation individually and make an assessment as to what is the best solution. b.Self-Confidence: The ability to be certain about one’s competencies and skills is self-confidence; Includes both self-esteem and self-assurance; Self-confidence is an essential trait for any leader because without self-confidence it may become harder for followers to fully trust their leader c.Determination: Determination is the desire to get a job done and includes characteristics such as initiative, persistence, dominance, and drive; these people are proactive and have the perseverance to face obstacles; this trait is needed in order for leaders and followers to overcome goals. d.Integrity: Integrity is the quality of honesty and trustworthiness; these people are those who adhere to a strong set of principles and take responsibility for their actions; Leaders need integrity in order to inspire confidence in others since they are trusted to do what they say they are going to do. e.Sociability: A leader’s inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships; people who possess sociability are able to create strong relationships with their fellow followers. f.The five traits described above are all traits in which strong leaders possess. While the list is certainly not all-inclusive, these five seem to be essential in order to produce a strong and successful leade r.

Reading Essay Example

Reading Essay Example Reading Essay Reading Essay Children struggling to learn how to read are a common sight nowadays in many schools throughout the country. Researchers have discovered a way how to successfully teach children to read, which focuses on phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension. Phonemic awareness is the capability to hear, classify and manage sounds of oral words. This is of great use in reading because it improves the way children read words and the way they comprehend the text. By segmenting words into phonemes, children with high phonemic awareness tend to spell words easier than those without phonemic awareness. A best practice for phonemic awareness would be Phoneme Segmentation, which is where children break a word into its separate sounds. In order to facilitate the learning of the association between the letters and the sounds of spoken language, Phonics instruction is introduced. It makes the children understand how the way to properly pronounce words and the association of written words and spoken sounds. With the ability to read the words in a text accurately and quickly, children with systematic phonics instruction tend to have higher reading comprehension than those with non-systematic or no phonics instruction. A good approach for this instruction would be to use parts of familiar words to identify words that they don’t know that have similar parts, like an analogy. Fluency is the aptitude of a student to read a passage perfectly and quickly. It helps students focus on understanding what they are reading. Monitored and repeated reading helps improve the comprehension of the student and the overall reading acquisition. A good way that a student can practice oral reading would be a Student-adult reading. This can be easily done at home with the parent of the student; the adult first reads the passage providing a illustrative of eloquent reading. Then the student rereads the passage with the adult’s guidance. Vocabulary speaks about the words we should know in order to interact with other people verbally. In order to fully understand what they are reading, the readers must first know the meaning of unfamiliar words in the text. Children learn words meaning in their environment, through conversations among people, grown ups in particular. Words that they do not learn indirectly can be thought directly. It is helpful to know the meaning of unfamiliar words in a text before reading it. This will provide them with new words and will help them have a higher comprehension of the text. We read in order to comprehend what is written in the text. Through the help of comprehension methods, a teacher can help students improve their text comprehension. Comprehension methods are set of steps that commendable readers use to understand a text. A good way to develop a good comprehension would be to ask the students to generate questions. This would make the students aware if they can answer and this could check if the students truly understand the text they are reading. Implementation of these ways of teaching students as a standard of education would help children read throughout the country.

A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Essays

A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Essays A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Paper A comparison and contrast of To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell and Ending by Gavin Ewart Paper Essay Topic: Andrew Marvell Poems Literature To His Coy Mistress was written by a poet called Andrew Marvell who was born on the 31st March 1621. He was a Cambridge-educated priest, poet and a Member of Parliament. The poem was written in the year 1652. The theme of the poem is love and its passionate beginnings. The genre of the poem is carpe diem which is Latin for seize the day or get the most out of life. Carpe diem was used effectively by Horace; therefore this poem is quasi-Horatian. The theme is basically love and physical seduction which occurs at the beginning of a relationship. The poem shows how men seduced women typically in the seventeenth century. The title of the poem suggests that the woman is generally shy, a little withdrawn and maybe secretly wanting to get involved with the man. The form of the poem is lyric. There are three sections to the poem, marked by indents at the verses. The poems context is time-period. The form is quite suitable to the theme because it shows in three sections how the man seduces the woman. In the first section, he is flattering and complimenting her. The second section is dark, pressuring and the mood gets much more sombre at the mention of death behind them. The third section is more upbeat and rushed because hes saying to her now Ive explained everything to you. Marvell has presented the theme by unfolding it gradually during the poem. In the first few sentences its clear that the theme is love because he is talking about if they had enough time what they would do. He flatters her by saying two hundred years to adore each breast and lady you deserve this state. He applies his rhetorical language skills on her. In the second section, the theme of love is overpowered by the threatening of time, death and darkness. Marvell uses this in the second section to show us how men applied pressure on women in those times. The man tried flattering her at the beginning, but that didnt work, so he changed his technique to try and pressurise her. He wants her to understand that shes not going to live forever, so she should take her chance. Thy beauty shall no more be found. Nor in thy marble vault shall sound my echoing song. Hes telling her that her beauty is going to disappear if they dont beat time. He also describes a vault which is where they kept dead bodies in those days. Hes saying to her you wont hear my poetry or my words; you will be lying there with all the dead bodies, decomposing and rotting away. The theme of the third section is unfolded with the physical aspect of love, Let us roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one ball. He basically tells her that they should put everything together into one in a physical sense. The last section is rounding off everything and the man is telling the woman that its her decision now. The poem is low-pitched in tone and the language Marvell uses is old-fashioned, mainly because the poem was written in the seventeenth century. The language is rhetorical and reflected on time as he talks about historical dates in the first section. For example, he mentions the conversion of the Jews and the flood associated with Noah. In the first section, the tone is gentle, flattering and persuasive. However, in the second section, theres a dark tone therefore the poem may be whispered, hushed, intimate and deliberately chilling. The mood of the male speaker is changeable. In the first section, he is quite relaxed and gentle. In the second section, his mood changes suddenly to dark, sombre and rushed. This is because hes trying to pressurise her into having sex with him. To do this, he depresses her by telling her that death is going to catch up with her and they need to beat time. After the dark section about death, his mood changes in the third section to a happy and joyous one because hes trying to excite her and persuade her to fulfil their lives. He says now let us sport us wile we may. By saying that, hes telling her that they should get on with it. The atmosphere is quite tense at times, but overall its peaceful. What he says to her in the beginning is both romantic and influential, for example, we would sit down and think which way to walk and pass or long loves day. Andrew Marvell uses a series of kinetic images to show the mans love and connect it with time. Firstly, he talks to her about the river Ganges in India, then the Humber, and then he talks about the flood which happened at around 3,000BC. He tells her that he would love her ten years before that if they had all the time in the world. By doing this, he is using exotic imagery because the river Ganges is considered to be a holy and sacred river in India. The he uses contrast as he compares it to the river Humber, I by the tide of Humber would complain. This image is miserable as he says complain which means weeping or crying. Also, the river Humber is significant to Marvell because his father drowned there in the year 1640. Marvell also uses static imagery when he describes desarts of vast eternity as in eternal deserts which go on forever. Its a depressing and miserable thought which Marvell cleverly connects to the carpe diem theme. There is more dark imagery when the male speaker says, nor in thy marble vault, shall sound me echoing song: then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. Hes saying that she has two options either she lets him have her virginity, or she can die with it and let the worms have it. It is both erotic and grotesque in a way. Its hardly flattering imagery, but it was a very common technique in those days for men to seduce women in that way. The movement of this poem is regular and nearly every line has eight syllables. It is irregular because I cannot see any metrical structure or patterns in the line-construction. Marvell emphasises the last line by trying to rush it. He does this by using all the words with monosyllables, stand still, yet we will make him run. This poem has a slow pace which reflects the mood. Its suitable because the speaker is talking about love, time and death which are slow topics and drag on. However, there is occasional acceleration in the second section where the speaker is rushing everything. Marvell uses formal, complex and archaic language in this poem, for example, shouldst, thou, thus, languish, strife, and alwaies. There is also esoteric language which is metaphysical too. An example of this is my vegetable love. It produces a strange image by harnessing strange and unrelated words together. I think Marvell described love with vegetable because a vegetable grows slowly and it gives the impression of love growing slowly over time. Marvell uses personification as he vivifies Death and Time. He says but at my back I alwaies hear times wingi d chariot hurrying near. Time is personified here as passing very quickly. The word chariot is associated with armies and destruction and the image gives is us the impression that death is approaching from behind them. Rather at once our Time devour is another sentence in which Marvell incorporates the idea of tine wasting them away. In a way, the male speaker is telling the woman that they heave to use up their time rather than let it use them. Another phrase that caught my attention is then worms shall try that long preservd virginity. The male speaker tries to seduce the woman by using this repulsive and erotic idea. Hes saying dont take your virginity with you when you die, give it to me. Marvell uses a metaphor in the last section of the poem when he says, thorough the iron gates of life. Iron gates have the strength to keep and confine people, so the male speaker is saying that they should make love and push the gates wide open. In conclusion, this is a passionate poem showing how men seduced women by using the idea of death and time. I particularly like the way Marvell personifies time as a chariot approaching from behind and in my opinion this is a well-written and detailed poem. Ending is a poem written by Gavin Ewart. He is poet who was born in London in the year 1916 and died in 1995. Ewart came from a Scottish background and he wrote the poem in the 1970s. Ewart was Cambridge-educated and he became a poet before the Second World War. The poem is different to other love poems because the theme of it is the ending of a relationship, not the beginning. The title is only the word Ending, without the word The in front. By doing this, Ewart gives the poem a sense of finality. The poem has fourteen lines; however, it is not a sonnet. There are eight or nine syllables per line. The poem is written in seven rhyming couplets. There is no particular setting for the poem, but there is only a male speaker talking through the past of relationship. Ewart has chosen to construct the poem in rhyming couplets, for instance, the kisses that were as hot as curry are bird-pecks taken in a hurry. The poem is made to unfold gradually before the reader. Ewart does this by developing the same idea for each couplet. The first line in each couplet talks about how the relationship was when it first started. The second line in each couplet compares the first to how the situation is now (the relationship about to end). For example, the feet that ran to meet a date is the first of the couplet, and the second is are running slow and running late. The poet gives the poem a sense of finality again by using a low-pitched tone. The volume is also low when somebody reads out the poem. Its quiet and reflective. The mood of the speaker is sombre and serious. Hes not happy, but he isnt suicidal. Hes just sorry that the relationship is over. The atmosphere is created by an industrial dispute from the 1970s. For example, the hands that held electric charges is related back to the 1970s industrial action where there was a union/government crisis. There were a lot of power cuts and the workers went on strike because of this. Running slow and running late also relates back because at that time there was action taken on trains as a result of them always being late. Another effective example here is the eyes that shone and seldom shut are victims of a power cut. This describes how workers took revenge on the government by shutting down their power plants. All of this shows how love I a product of what happens in society. Transmitted joy is also another word linked to electricity. The imagery used in the poem by Gavin Ewart is mostly kinetic. This is because each line of the poem produces a different mental image. For example, the hands that held electric charges now lie inert as four moored barges. This gives us a series of images of how the couples hands were held together but now they lie motionless. In this poem, you can predict how the rhythm will take place. This is called regular rhythm. This is created by metrical structure which is an ancient Greek system of line construction. Ewart achieves this by using approximately eight or nine syllables per line and patterns of emphases. This pattern is called iambics which has a Latin origin. Iambs are a metrical foot of an unstressed syllable followed by a short or stressed syllable. The first couplet in the poem has ten iambs per line. The second and third have nine iambs. The fourth, fifth and sixth couplets have eight iambs per line. The last couplet has eight iambs in the first line and nine in the last. The pace in this poem is not too fast and not too slow, so I would say that it is moderate. This is reflective upon the sombre mood which the speaker is in. the language that Ewart uses is simple and straightforward, its easy to understand. I think that Ewart uses modern language in the poem because he wanted it to reflect upon the time he was living in, which is the 1970s. The language used is based on students lives because Ewart talks about curry and kisses and dates which immediately makes us think of university students. A phrase that appears in this poem which is a powerful one is the hands that held electric charges now lie inert as four moored barges. Electric charges are again associated with power cuts, but they also give us an idea of the passion of a relationship when it first begins. Ewart uses assonance in the phrase because four and moored have the same vowel sound, they are an internal rhyme. Describing their hands as inert barges shows is that they are worn out and lay still theres no sexual contact anymore. Ewart uses developed imagery throughout the poem which is classed as metaphysical. Gavin Ewart also uses the word coy in the poem, just like in Marvells poem. However, in this poem, the woman is described as coy because she is disinterested. Ewart personifies romance in he last two lines when he says, romance, expected once to stay, has left a note saying GONE AWAY. Leaving a note to a partner is the modern and conventional way of ending a relationship. People do this because they cannot face telling their partners their true feelings. Ewart emphasises this by using capital letters. In conclusion, this is a modern poem with only a male speaker who reflects upon the beginning of a relationship and compares it with how it ends. Its a short but descriptive poem. I am now going to compare the similarities between the poems. The first thing these poems have in common is the fact that they are both about love and its physicality. The poets, Gavin Ewart and Andrew Marvell were both educated at Cambridge. Both poems contain metaphysical language. In To His Coy Mistress the phrase used is vegetable love. In Ending its the developed imagery that Ewart uses. The two poems refer incidentally to India. To His Coy Mistress describes that sacred Indian River Ganges and Ending contains the native Indian food p curry. Both poems include images of human contact. Marvell says lets roll all our strength and all our sweetness up into one ball, referring to their bodies. Ewart writes the kisses that were hot as curry are bird-pecks taken in a hurry. Looking at the language used in the poems, I have noticed that the word coy appears in both of them. However, they do mean different things. In To His Coy Mistress Marvell uses coy to describe how shy the lady is and how she doesnt want to show her feelings in Ending Ewart describes the woman as cold and coy because shes no longer interested in the man. Personification is used in both poems Marvell personifies time as a chariot and Ewart personifies romance when he says that it has gone away. Metaphors are also used with the gates in To His Coy Mistress and the barges in Ending. The two poems contain assonance which is two rhyming sounds in the same line. Rather at once our time devour, here Marvell rhymes our with devour. In Ending, then phrase is now lie inert as four moored barges. The words included here are four and moored because they have the same vowel sound. The two poems also contain roughly eight syllables in each line. I am now going to look at the contrasts between the two poems. The first obvious point of contrast is that To His Coy Mistress is a poem about the beginning of love whereas Ending is about the end of a relationship. The speaker in To His Coy Mistress is interested in the woman and is trying to seduce her whereas the speaker in Ending is disinterested in the woman as he reflects upon the relationship which has ended. To His Coy Mistress is old-fashioned because it was written in the seventeenth century. Ending is quite a modern poem because it was written towards the end of the twentieth century. The language used in To His Coy Mistress is esoteric and complex language whereas in Ending, the language is simple and contemporary. To His Coy Mistress is persuasive but Ending is reflective. To His Coy Mistress is also formal and rhetorical whereas Ending is informal. The structures of the two poems differ because Ending has only one section which is fourteen lines long. To His Coy Mistress on the other hand has forty-six lines which are separated into three sections. There is a woman mentioned in both poems but the difference is that she is present in To His Coy Mistress but absent in Ending. In To His Coy Mistress the tones vary with each section, for example, in the first section it is low-pitched but it suddenly changes to an even lower pitch in the second section. The tone in Ending is constant throughout. The mood of the male speaker varies in To His Coy Mistress as he talks about death and time whereas the mood of the male speaker in Ending remains the same. Another difference between the two poems is the rhythm and metre. In To His Coy Mistress the rhythm is irregular, however, in Ending it is regular. In conclusion, I like both poems, but I prefer To His Coy Mistress because it is a very descriptive and persuasive poem. I am fascinated by the way Marvell uses the idea of death to persuade a woman into a relationship. The way that he personifies time is effective as well. I prefer To His Coy Mistress mainly because of the complex language used by the poet.

Human Resource Development College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Resource Development College - Essay Example Thus, it is necessary for managers to understand organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior studies focus on three aspects: the individuals, groups & structure. Some of the day to day operations issues of organizations that organizational behavior studies address are change management, motivation, groups, employment turnover, conflict, work design, work stress, leadership issues, power & interpersonal communication. Managers need to understand organization behavior in order to be successful in their four management functions of planning, organizing, leading & controlling. I The Individual: While assigning duties and responsibilities, managers need to take account of the individual's abilities. Ability is defined as "an individual's capacity to perform the various tasks in a job." Human beings are believed to be equal. However, this is not true when talking in organizational context .People have there own individual abilities. Intellectual ability is defined as "That required to do mental activities". There are various dimensions of intellectual ability including aptitude, verbal comprehension, perceptual speed, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, spatial visualization, & memory. Physical ability is defined "as that required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics". A manager needs to conduct a stock count of skills and abilities preset in his workforce that he can utilize to achieve the ability-job fit. Matching abilities to the job design is necessary to enhance employee performance. Personality is defined as the sum total of ways in which an individual interacts with others. Every individual has a different personality. The determinants of personality are heredity, environment & situation. Personality traits are characteristics of personality in different situations. These traits describe an individual's behavior. Research has been conducted to isolate and identify different personality characteristics. Myers Briggs Type Indicator is one of the most frequently used personality tests. The Myers Briggs type indicator is a personality test that identifies four characteristics and classifies people into 16 personality types. The sixteen primary personality traits are reserved vs outgoing, less intelligent Vs more intelligent, affected by feelings vs emotionally stable, submissive vs dominant, serious vs happy go lucky, expedient vs conscientious, timid vs venturesome, tough minded vs sensitive, trusting vs suspicious, practical vs imaginative, forthright vs shrewd, self assureds apprehensive, conservative vs experimenting, group dependent vs self sufficient, uncontrolled vs controlled and relaxed vs tensed. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is criticized for lack of supporting evidence. The Five Factor model or the Big Five Model is being used more often because of the high amount of research that supports this model. According to the Big Five model five basic personality dimensions underlie al others. The big five factors are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience. Today's managers also face the challenge of making decisions that are in compliance with the values , ethics and culture of the society that they operate in and the sub culture f their own organization. This problem always existed but has intensified due to globalization and expanding of international business. Values are defined as "basic convictions that a specific mode of

Economics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics Assignment - Essay Example Other ways to alter money supply in the economy may include altering discount rates, quantitative easing and Funding; however, the main emphasis of monetary policy is the â€Å"Open Market Operations† through which the government alters money supply in the economy. It is first important to understand how banks operate; banks lend out money to open public, this money when lend out in the economy is bound to come back to the banks as deposits by other people. Thus, the bank has more and more money to lend out. However, the bank keeps certain amount of money as a safety measure to cater to demand of withdrawal of money by customers. The percentage of deposit kept safe by the bank is determined by the â€Å"Liquidity Ratio†. Example, if the liquidity ratio is 10%, and Mr. X comes and invests $100 in a bank, the bank would keep $10 as a reserve and would lend out the remaining $90 to customers. This increases money supply; the more money that flows in the bank, the more cred it creation takes place. Open Market operations refer to buying and selling of bonds that happens between the Central bank and the commercial banks. Commercial banks are very powerful when it comes to money creation or contractions. Thus, in case the government wants an expansionary monetary policy, the Central bank would ask the commercial banks to print fancy stamped papers with net amounts written (known as BONDS) and sell them to Central Bank. The central bank would buy the bond and pay the commercial bank money for the bond. Thus, this money is used by the commercial banks to make more credit as they give out this money to buyers. These people spend, Example, Mr. X borrowed $90 and bought a Dell Computer, now Dell would deposit the $90 back in the bank and thus the bank would make a further loan of $81 (90% of $90) and this cycle goes on. This leads to money being multiplied and as a result, because of the Money Multiplier effect, $100 becomes approximately $1000 in the economy at a 10% liquidity ratio rate. This is an expansionary monetary policy that is used in times of recession to bring the economy back or close to the full employment level of output. Money Multiplier = 1 / Liquidity Ratio Similarly, if the government wishes to contract the money supply, it does the opposite; the central bank prints and sells bonds to the commercial banks (taking out its reserves) thus the commercial banks have lesser funds to give out as loans in the economy and the overall economy contracts. This contracts the money supply and is used in times of inflation. This concept also has another vital aspect to it, the impact of interest rates as a result of money supply. Money supply is directly linked to the interest rates, as shown below: Increases in money supply (via expansionary monetary policy) decreases interest rates (as shown above, from i1 to i2), this means people would be less willing to save and hence have a greater marginal propensity to consume*. Consumption will likely to go up as people would tend to spend more than they save, owing to low interest rates. Credit card purchases would be encouraged and investments would be made more attractive at lower interest rates. Also, owing to the wealth effect, the people would be willing to spend